21st Century Ethanol, Gasohol, and Renewable Fuels Digest ¿ Fuel Ethanol, E85 Fuel, Bioethanol, Dry-Mill Production, Grain and Cellulosic Sources, Agricultural Issues, Energy Department Alternative Fuels Information, Agriculture Department on Corn Ethanol ¿ Series on Renewable Energy, Biofuels, Bioenergy, and Biobased Products

CRS Report for Congress on Fuel Ethanol, Background and Public Policy Issues, Fuel Ethanol: Background and Public Policy Issues – The Summary states: "In light of a changing regulatory and legislative arena, ethanol as a motor fuel has taken on a pivotal role in bringing together often conflicting environmental and energy security interests. Ethanol is produced from biomass (mainly corn) and is mixed with gasoline to produce cleaner-burning fuel called "gasohol" or "E10." The market for fuel ethanol, which utilizes 10 % of the nation’s corn crop, is heavily dependent on federal incentives and regulations. A major impetus to the use of fuel ethanol has been the exemption that it receives from the motor fuels excise tax. Ethanol is expensive relative to gasoline, but it is subject to a federal tax exemption of 5.2 cents per gallon of gasohol (or 52 cents per gallon of pure ethanol). This exemption brings the cost of pure ethanol, which is higher than that of conventional gasoline and other oxygenates, within reach of the cost of competitive alternatives. In addition, there are other incentives such as a small ethanol producers tax credit. It has been argued that the fuel ethanol industry could scarcely survive without these incentives. The Clean Air Act requires that ethanol or another oxygenate be mixed with gasoline in areas with excessive carbon monoxide or ozone pollution. The resulting fuels are called oxygenated gasoline (oxyfuel) and reformulated gasoline (RFG), respectively. Using oxygenates, vehicle emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been reduced by 17%, and toxic emissions have been reduced by approximately 30%. However, there has been a push to change the oxygenate requirements for two reasons. First, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), the most common oxygenate, has been found to contaminate groundwater. Second, it is argued that emissions could be reduced to similar levels through the use of clean burning gasoline that does not contain oxygenates. Uncertainties about future oxygenate requirements, as both federal and state governments consider changes, have raised concerns among farm and fuel ethanol industry groups and have prompted renewed congressional interest. Without the current regulatory requirements and incentives, or something comparable, much of ethanol’s market would likely disappear. Expected changes to the reformulated gasoline requirements could either help or hurt the