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Product Description This digital document is a journal article from Quaternary Science Reviews, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser. Description: The Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005, GICC05, is extended back to 42ka b2k (before 2000 AD), i.e. to the end of Greenland Stadial 11. The chronology is based on independent multi-parameter counting of annual layers using comprehensive high-resolution measurements available from the North Greenland Ice Core Project, NGRIP. These are measurements of visual stratigraphy, conductivity of the solid ice, electrolytical melt water conductivity and the concentration of Na^+, Ca^2^+, SO"4^2^-, NO"3^-, NH"4^+. An uncertainty estimate of the time scale is obtained from identification of 'uncertain' annual layers, which are counted as 0.5+/-0.5 years. The sum of the uncertain annual layers, the so-called maximum counting error of the presented chronology ranges from 4% in the warm interstadial periods to 7% in the cold stadials. The annual accumulation rates of the stadials and interstadials are on average one-third and half of the present day values, respectively, and the onset of the Greenland Interstadials 2, 3, and 8, based on 20 year averaged @d^1^8O values, are determined as 23,340, 27,780, and 38,220yr b2k in GICC05.