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Printer Friendly Print Nature press release for 31 January issue

Nature press release for 31 January issue

January 31, 2002

[415512] CLIMATE: FLOOD WARNING (pp512-514; 514-517; N&V)
Very wet winters will be up to five times more likely than today for much of central and northern Europe over the next century. The probability of very wet summers in the Asian monsoon region will rise by a similar amount, increasing the risk of flooding. So say Tim Palmer of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast in Reading, UK, and Jouni R'¤is'¤nen of the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute in Norrköping, Sweden, in this week`s Nature. The duo have analysed the output of 19 climate models.
In the same issue, Christopher Milly of the US Geological Survey, Princeton, New Jersey, and co-workers present evidence for an increase in the number of great floods in the largest river basins globally over the past 100 years. They too find that floods are likely to continue to become more frequent in future.
"Such tools will become increasingly important to both climate modellers and policy makers," says Reiner Schnur of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany, discussing the researchers` methodologies in an accompanying News and Views article.
CONTACT:
Tim Palmer tel +44 118 9499600, e-mail tim.palmer@ecmwf.int
Christopher Milly tel +1 609 452 6507, e-mail cmilly@usgs.gov
Reiner Schnur tel +49 40 41173 379, e-mail schnur@dkrz.de

[415530] LIFELINES: GENES PREDICT BREAST CANCER PROGNOSIS (pp530-536; N&V)
A genetic screening technique could take much of the mystery out of predicting breast cancer outcome, Stephen Friend of Rosetta Inpharmatics in Kirkland, Washington, and Laura J van ‘t Veer of the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, and colleagues report in this week`s Nature.
Breast cancer goes by only one name, but spreads very differently in different patients. The strategies to combat the disease — such as hormone therapy, chemotherapy or surgery — and their timing are crucial to a patient’s outcome. But the physical appearance of tumours is an unreliable predictor of a patient`s fate.
Using a gene chip, Friend`s team screened breast cancer tumours removed from women with different cancer outcomes. They found a specific pattern of gene expression that corresponds to aggressive cancers — those which spread to other parts of the body quickly. They also found a signature unique to tumours from women with the gene most often associated with familial breast cancer, BRCA1.
The active genes they identified may provide a tool to select the right treatment options for individual sufferers of breast cancer, maximizing benefits and minimizing side effects. Much further down the line, they may also make useful targets for anti-cancer drugs. "If molecular forecasting of the outcome of cancer is indeed possible, as this work suggests, it is a significant advance on existing prognostic methods," say Carlos Caldas and Samuel Aparicio of Cambridge University, UK, in an accompanying News and Views article.
CONTACT:
Stephen Friend tel +1 425 823 7300, e-mail stephen_friend@merck.com
Laura J van ‘t Veer tel +31 20 5122754, e-mail Lveer@nki.nl
Carlos Caldas tel +44 1223 331 989, e-mail cc234@cam.ac.uk




[415509] CHEMISTRY: ROUTE AND BRANCH (pp509-511; N&V)
Chemists have a new way to build tailored catalysts and building blocks for advanced materials.
Dendrimers are synthetic macromolecules built up from branched organic subunits that form a structure with tree-like shape. By trapping metal ions within the dendrimer’s voids, metal-hybrid nanomaterials can be obtained. In this week`s Nature, Kimihisa Yamamoto of Keio University, Yokahama, Japan, and colleagues demonstrate a new method to control the degree of metal ion incorporation into a particular type of dendrimer built form imine-containing subunits. They find that tin ions bind to the imine groups in a stepwise fashion, starting at the core, then at each successive dendritic shell until they reach the periphery.
However, by attaching an electron-withdrawing group to the dendrimer core, the researchers could reverse this process; the ions bind to core subunits last. This strategy could allow fully controlled incorporation of metal ions into dendrimer structures, yielding new metal-hybrid nanomaterials.
"The construction of dendrimers is a promising way of building function into macromolecules," says Christopher Gorman of North Carolina State University, Raleigh, in an accompanying News and Views article.
CONTACT:
Kimihisa Yamamoto tel +81 45 566 1718, e-mail yamamoto@chem.keio.ac.jp
Christopher Gorman tel +1 919 515 4252, e-mail Chris_Gorman@ncsu.edu

[415520] ECOLOGY: MISSING LYNX (pp520-522)
The Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) was recently listed as a threatened species in the United States. But for conservation efforts to get off the ground, researchers need to decide which of two competing hypotheses explains the distribution of lynx populations. One suggests the animals spread out over long distances, the other that they live in isolated pockets.
A DNA study published in Nature this week provides clear support for the former: the dispersal hypothesis. Michael K. Schwartz of the University of Montana, Missoula, and colleagues find that even across distances of 3,000 kilometres or more there is high gene flow between core and peripheral lynx populations.
The population dynamics of the Canada lynx have been a cornerstone of ecological theory for 60 years. Recently the animal has been in the news following claims (reported in Nature`s 10 January issue) that a US Department of Agriculture survey of lynx population has been compromized.
CONTACT:
Michael K. Schwartz tel +1 406 542 4161, e-mail mks@selway.umt.edu

[415497] LIFELINES: PLANT PATHOGEN GENOME SEQUENCED (pp497-502)
French researchers this week announce the completion of the genome sequence of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, the cause of southern wilt. This devastating plant disease is found around the world, and can infect more than 200 plant species, from potatoes to mulberry trees. At present there are no treatments or resistant varieties.
The pathogen uses a secretion system to inject its proteins into host plant cells. The bacterium`s genome reveals an unexpectedly large number of genes involved in this system — more than 40 and perhaps as many as 100 — Christian Boucher, of the National Agronomic Research Institute, Toulouse, and colleagues, write in this week’s Nature. This may be one reason why it can infect so many plant species. Knowledge of the proteins in the host plants that this system targets could aid the development of resistant varieties.
The genome is 5.8 million DNA letters long, and, unusually for a bacterium, comes in two similar-sized chunks — a conventional chromosome and a 2.1-million-base `megaplasmid`.
CONTACT:
Christian Boucher tel +33 561 28 54 16, e-mail boucher@toulouse.inra.fr

[415494] EARTH: ATLANTIC BELCHES TOXIC GAS (pp493-494)
People on Namibia`s coast are all too familiar with the belches of hydrogen sulphide gas that emerge from their coastal waters. The gas smells awful and poisons fish in the vicinity.
The eruptions, caused by decaying marine matter starved of oxygen, were thought to be minor local occurrences. But satellite images reported in a Brief Communication to this week`s Nature by Scarla Weeks at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, and colleagues show that the sulphurous emissions are more frequent and widespread.
Sometimes spreading 200 kilometres along the Namibian coast, they could be having a major impact on the near-shore ecology of this region of the Atlantic,
the authors contend.
CONTACT:
Scarla Weeks tel +27 21 687 9455, e-mail oceanspace@icon.co.za

[415522] LIFELINES: TWO BECAME THREE (pp522-526)
The seeds of flowering plants, or angiosperms, contain a specialized tissue, the endosperm, that nourishes the embryo during its initial growth. Endosperm, as the major constituent of wheat, rice and other grains, also feeds the world`s human population.
Endosperm is formed after fertilization and is usually triploid. That is, it contains two copies of the maternal and one copy of the paternal genome.
In this week`s Nature, William Friedman and Joseph Williams of the University of Colorado, Boulder, present new evidence that endosperm may originally have been diploid, not triploid, as has long been thought.
CONTACT:
William Friedman tel +1 303 492 3082, e-mail ned@colorado.edu

[415493] BRAIN: BLIND MICE NETTED (p493)
How mammals reset their body clocks is something of a mystery. Blind mice, lacking rods and cones in their eyes, still seem to be able to know whether it is day or night. Mice with no eyes cannot.
In a Brief Communication to this week`s Nature, Ignacio Provencio and colleagues at the Uniformed Services University in Bethesda, Maryland, announce the finding of a photoreceptive `net` in the inner retina of mice. The mesh of light-sensitive pigments does not enable mice to see, but it can detect light. This leads the authors to suspect that mammals, including humans, use it to make subconscious adjustments to their body clock.
CONTACT:
Ignacio Provencio tel +1 301 295 3524, e-mail iprovencio@usuhs.mil

[415473] LIFELINES: AT THE DOUBLE (pp473-474)
An eyewitness account of the events surrounding the discovery of the DNA double helix has surfaced in the Rockefeller archives, reports Jan Witkowski of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, in a commentary to this week`s Nature.
Gerard Roland Pomerat, assistant director of the natural sciences programme at the Rockefeller Foundation, was at the Cavendish laboratory in Cambridge visiting its director, Sir Lawrence Bragg. In The Double Helix, James Watson says that Francis Crick’s excitement grew each day as he regaled visitors with the wonders of the structure. In his diary, Pomerat gives the visitor`s perspective of Watson and Crick as “somewhat mad hatters who bubble over about their new structure…”.
CONTACT:
Jan Witkowski tel +1 516 367 8398, e-mail witkowsk@cshl.org

[415495] …AND FINALLY: RUN, DINO, RUN (pp494-495)
A 163-million-year-old fossilized dinosaur trackway in a quarry in Oxfordshire, UK, reveals how the huge lumbering bipedal theropod dinosaurs (a group including the notorious Tyrannosaurus rex) could break into a run when forced to.
In a Brief Communication to this week`s Nature, Julia Day at the University of Cambridge, UK, and colleagues report on the footprints along one trackway left by a theropod that broke from a walk into a run.
The beast walked pigeon-toed with short, wide-gauge steps at an estimated speed of 7 kilometres per hour (a human walks at about 6 kilometres per hour). When running, however, the theropod splayed its toes slightly outwards, putting one foot directly in front of the other, and reaching a top speed of about 30 kilometres per hour.
CONTACT:
Julia Day tel +44 1223 333 416, mobile 07968 947024, e-mail jday00@esc.cam.ac.uk

ALSO, IN THIS WEEK’S ISSUE

 Topologically protected quantum bits using Josephson junction arrays
 Real-space imaging of an orbital Kondo resonance on the Cr(001) surface
 Th1-specific cell surface protein Tim-3 regulates macrophage activation and severity of an autoimmune disease
 Phospholipase Cγ1 is a physiological guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the nuclear GTPase PIKE
 Structure of a bacterial quorum-sensing signal containing boron
 Mutual synergistic folding in recruitment of CBP/p300 by p160 nuclear receptor coactivators
 Structure of the cell-puncturing device of bacteriophage T4
 Lysogeny in marine Synechococcus populations
 Dogfish hair cells sense hydrostatic pressure

ADVANCE ONLINE PUBLICATION

Nature is pleased to announce the introduction of regular Advance Online Publication (AOP). Selected papers will be subedited and formatted and then published online as soon as they are ready. Papers published online before they have been allocated to a print issue will be citable via a digital object identifier (DOI) number. Once the paper is published electronically, the DOI can be used to retrieve the abstract and full text from the main Nature web site (abstracts are available to everyone, full text only to subscribers) by adding it to the following URL: http://dx.doi.org/ .

The following papers will be published on www.nature.com at the time the embargo stated at the beginning of this release lifts. They will appear in print at a later date, as yet unknown.

 Activation-induced cytidine deaminase turns on somatic hypermutation in hybridomas
 Excitatory glycine receptors containing the NR3 family of NMDA receptor subunits

Nature Publishing Group Reference



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