Noise, visual cues affect infants' language development

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Hollich, who is director of Purdue's Infant Language Laboratory, teamed with Rochelle S. Newman, assistant professor of speech-language pathology at the University of Maryland, and the late Peter W. Jusczyk, a former professor at Johns Hopkins University. Their paper is published in the June issue of the journal Child Development.

Background noise in the average household - such as other children playing or watching television - can pose the same problem for children that an older adult with hearing loss encounters at a cocktail party.

"Older adults who are hard of hearing use their other senses, such as vision, to better understand speech," Hollich says. "We thought this might be what infants do when they are in a noisy environment. Struggling to hear can be annoying for adults, so just imagine how distracting it is for infants who are trying to learn a language.

"Unlike the printed word, speech doesn't use commas, spaces or periods to separate words and concepts. If there is more than one source of speech, it's especially hard for the infant to know when one word ends and another begins. That is why infants need to match what they hear with the movements of the speaker's face."

Hollich's four studies, conducted in 2002 at John Hopkins University where he previously worked, analyzed how environmental noises affected 7-month-old infants during this stage of language development. The 116 infants were shown one of four videos of a woman talking while emphasizing a specific word, such as "cup." As the woman talked a man spoke about an unrelated topic in the background.

In one video, the audio matched what the woman was saying. In a second, it did not match. In the third, a still frame of the speaker accompanied the audio. Finally, the audio was synchronized with an oscilloscope pattern, which fluctuated in relationship to the sound.

The infant then listened to two sets of words spoken from both their left and right side. One set repeated the word "cup" from the earlier passage, and the second set emphasized an irrelevant word, such as "dog." The length of time the infant directed its attention to the source of these two sounds was measured in seconds. Infants who watched the original video in which they could see the woman's face while she spoke, focused on the word she had spoken (in this case "cup") an average of two seconds longer than on the irrelevant word.

"Two seconds is a long time when it comes to measuring an infant's attention span," Hollich says.

The infants who watched the second and third videos did not grasp the new word as well. However, in the fourth experiment with the synchronized oscilloscope, infants were able to pick out the emphasized word just as they did when looking at the speaker's face.

"Even though this last experiment did not show a person's face, the results emphasize that children learn best when they are gathering information with their eyes and ears," Hollich says. "The second and third experiments show that a second source of sound can interfere with that method, and now we know being able to see something along with the audio in a noisy situation plays an important part in infants' language development. Now, more research is needed to evaluate how much infants rely on their vision to supplement their hearing when learning a new language. For example, I am interested in knowing if infants use visual cues even when there is no background noise.\\\

Purdue University