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Key to avoiding whiplash injury may lie in head restraint positioning
December 12, 2006The study by Brian Stemper, Ph.D., assistant professor of neurosurgery, resulted in the most comprehensively validated computer model for whiplash reported in scientific literature.
"The practical aspect of this study is that you want to set your head restraint so that it's very close to the back of your head. Each time drivers and passengers get in a car, they should be sure the head restraint is correctly positioned to minimize injuries," Dr. Stemper suggests.
His work is published in the journal Accident Analysis and Prevention and data from the report has been submitted to the U.S. Department of Transportation for possible use in determining safety rules for car manufacturers.
Whiplash injuries affect the soft tissues of the cervical spine (e.g., ligaments and intervertebral discs) and can be sustained in any type of crash but occur most often in low speed rear-end collisions. The injury affects more than one million people in the U.S. each year and results in symptoms of neck pain, headaches and lower back soreness. A high percentage of all patients sustaining whiplash injury report long-term pain. A 1999 Insurance Institute for Highway Safety study found that 26 percent of rear-struck vehicle drivers reported neck injuries.
Dr. Stemper has investigated cervical spine ligament stretch during whiplash by comparing increasing distances between the back of the head and the head restraint. He has developed a mathematical computer model of the head and cervical spine that can be studied under simulated rear-end collision conditions. The model provides quantifiable data on soft tissue distortions in humans.
"The process involved moving the head restraint to different positions to look at spinal ligament distortion and see how it changed with each of these configurations," he says. "Ligament distortions were compared to previously determined failure thresholds. Our team also used previous studies and computer models to validate our work. In addition, we studied the computer response in 57 different measures of spinal motion. This data was compared to previous experimental research to be sure they were realistic."
"We found that auto head restraints positioned less than 2.4 inches (6 cm) from the back of the head kept ligament stretch within the physiologic range-meaning that no injury would occur. However, as the restraint distance increased beyond 2.4 inches, the ligaments began to exceed failure thresholds, meaning that whiplash injury was more likely to occur," says Dr. Stemper.
Medical College of Wisconsin
Whiplash injuries affect the soft tissues of the cervical spine (e.g., ligaments and intervertebral discs) and can be sustained in any type of crash but occur most often in low speed rear-end collisions. The injury affects more than one million people in the U.S. each year and results in symptoms of neck pain, headaches and lower back soreness. A high percentage of all patients sustaining whiplash injury report long-term pain. A 1999 Insurance Institute for Highway Safety study found that 26 percent of rear-struck vehicle drivers reported neck injuries.
Dr. Stemper has investigated cervical spine ligament stretch during whiplash by comparing increasing distances between the back of the head and the head restraint. He has developed a mathematical computer model of the head and cervical spine that can be studied under simulated rear-end collision conditions. The model provides quantifiable data on soft tissue distortions in humans.
"The process involved moving the head restraint to different positions to look at spinal ligament distortion and see how it changed with each of these configurations," he says. "Ligament distortions were compared to previously determined failure thresholds. Our team also used previous studies and computer models to validate our work. In addition, we studied the computer response in 57 different measures of spinal motion. This data was compared to previous experimental research to be sure they were realistic."
"We found that auto head restraints positioned less than 2.4 inches (6 cm) from the back of the head kept ligament stretch within the physiologic range-meaning that no injury would occur. However, as the restraint distance increased beyond 2.4 inches, the ligaments began to exceed failure thresholds, meaning that whiplash injury was more likely to occur," says Dr. Stemper.
Medical College of Wisconsin
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Psychological Treatment May Help Patients With Chronic Toxic Encephalopathy Due To Organic Solvents
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Eliminating whiplash - The Physics Congress 2002
Women are twice as likely as men to suffer from whiplash injuries in car crashes, but help is here, according to new research presented today at the Institute of Physics Congress in Brighton. Dr Dave Viano, professor of traffic injury prevention at Chalmers University of Technology in the USA, will describe a new system developed specifically for women that has reduced the chance of getting whiplash injuries by 75 percent. In high-speed rear crashes, the backs of the seats need to be strong enough to transfer the energy of the impact from the passengers whilst keeping them in their seats. In low-to-high speed crashes, the head rest and upper part of the back of the seat need to reduce the re
Rally drivers at high risk of musculo-skeletal problems
Rally drivers are at high risk of musculo-skeletal problems, shows research in the British Journal of Sports Medicine. And the rate is greater than that reported for many industrial workers. Questionnaires were distributed to 13 professional and 105 amateur rally drivers, who regularly competed for at least 10 days of the year in stage rallies in the 2000 season. These types of rallies are on closed roads with no speed restrictions. The questions were designed to ascertain whole body and hand wrist symptoms of musculo-skeletal injuries. Comprehensive body maps were also included to pinpoint specific areas of discomfort. Over 90 per cent of the respondents reported discomfort in at least one
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