Scientists map key landmarks in human genome

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David E. Fisher, MD, PhD, and his Dana-Farber colleagues describe their findings in Nature Biotechnology, which has published the paper as an advanced online publication on its Web site, www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/index.html.

"This study presents the first global view of human nucleosome positioning," said Fisher. Although analyses of this type had been pioneered in simpler organisms such as yeast, those approaches were not feasible when applied to the massively larger and more complex human genome.

The new technique "provides major new clues to the locations of many hallmark features of the human genome, such as where transcription factors bind, where transcription begins and possibly ends, and where there are other biologically important structural features," said Fisher. Transcription factors are proteins that bind to particular DNA sites in "promoter" regions of genes and turn the genes on or off.

The novel method employed gene microarray studies followed by sophisticated computational data analysis to pin down the nucleosome locations. The paper describes how the scientists used the technique to locate nucleosomes in 3,692 promoters (regions of DNA that interact with regulatory factors to control gene activity) within seven human cell lines, including malignant melanoma.

Nucleosomes are spherical packing units for DNA. They consist of a length of DNA wrapped around a core, like ribbon around a spool that is made up of proteins called histones, and the nucleosomes are located along the chromosomes like beads on a string.

Nucleosomes have multiple functions, including allowing several feet of DNA to be packed tightly into a cell's nucleus. They also regulate gene expression, or activity, by determining whether DNA sequences can be accessed by transcription factors, allowing the factors to regulate expression of a nearby gene.

It has long been assumed that these factors can't bind to a stretch of DNA that is bound by a nucleosome; they can, however, attach to DNA "linkers" between two nucleosomes. With their new method, Fisher's group found that transcription factor binding indeed typically occurs in the "linker" regions in between nucleosomes, rather than in the DNA regions that are tied up by the nucleosome complexes. These results suggest that nucleosome positioning controls the turning on or off of genes, and the nucleosomes can be relocated if cellular needs change.

Fisher, who heads Dana-Farber's Melanoma Program and is a professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, conducts basic research on gene mutations involved in the deadly skin cancer. He said the work that led to the current paper began when his lab was studying the protein, MITF, made by one of these genes, which influences the expression of other genes.

"We wanted to understand how MITF regulates target genes, and specifically where in promoter regions of those genes does MITF bind," Fisher said. "In the process of this work, we asked whether MITF is binding between nucleosomes or on top of nucleosomes, and that led us to devise a method to ask where the nucleosomes are located."

The researchers used gene microarrays to which DNA associated with single nucleosomes was added. The nucleosomal DNA was derived from several cancer cell lines including melanoma and breast cancer, as well as several normal human cell types. A critical component of the analysis involved processing the data using computational algorithms devised by Dana-Farber faculty member X. Shirley Liu, PhD, and her postdoctoral fellow Jun S. Song, PhD, working closely with Fisher's graduate student Fatih Ozsolak. The researchers borrowed a computational technique from signal processing called "wavelet denoising" that revealed the striking patterns of positioned nucleosomes.

On a graph, the data displayed as a series of peaks and troughs corresponding to positioned nucleosomes and nucleosome-free regions, respectively. Analysis revealed that promoters of genes that had similar expression status (they were all "off" or "on") had related nucleosome locations. The technique successfully pinpointed the location of some nucleosomes previously found through other means, but the new method can be applied to the entire genomes of human and other cells, said the scientists.

In the future, the techniques might be useful as a diagnostic tool, Fisher said.

"Gene expression is important in all diseases," he explained. "And this method offers a new perspective for looking at how gene expression has been altered in human diseases."

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute