 |
|
Discoveries thrust cancer-initiating stem cells into a larger role in cancer biology and treatment
April 19, 2007LOS ANGELES — Recent discoveries about the role of stem cells in cancer have altered the landscape of cancer research. With each new study, scientists are learning more about cancer-initiating properties of stem cells at organ sites and throughout the body. Increasingly, stem cells are examined as the cause - and potential target of treatment - for many, if not all, cancers. At the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, researchers present new discoveries about stem cells in leukemia, breast and colon cancer that add to the growing evidence that perhaps cancer is, fundamentally, a stem cell problem.
PTEN and HER2 regulate self-renewal and invasion of human mammary stem cells: Abstract 1287
Two genes associated with aggressive breast cancer are linked to a key property of mammary stem cell function, according to researchers at the University of Michigan. The genes, PTEN and HER2, both are involved in the biochemical pathways that mediate stem cell self-renewal, a defining property of stem cells.
According to the researchers, understanding the pathways that regulate stem cell self-renewal is important in developing therapeutics that target the tumor stem cell pool. These genes might also become targets of interest in the treatment of tumors resistant to the drug Herceptin.
"We now believe that our results show further evidence that breast cancer arises from signaling errors in the biochemical pathways that control mammary stem cell self-renewal" said Hasan Korkaya, D.V.M., Ph.D., a research fellow at the University of Michigan's Comprehensive Cancer Center. "Since only stem cells have the ability to self-renew, deregulation of either PTEN or HER2 expands the stem cell populations with self-renewing ability."
According to Korkaya, cells with deregulated - or increased - self-renewing ability will then initiate and maintain tumors that are resistant to current therapies.
The two genes appear to influence stem cell self-renewal by controlling two different arms of the pathway, says Korkaya. In breast cancer, the loss of PTEN is linked to nearly a quarter of all cases, while the overproduction of HER2 is associated with nearly 40 percent of all cases. Patients with a combined defect of PTEN loss and HER2 amplification represent worse prognosis than either defect alone.
To replicate this clinical phenomenon and study the link between stem cell self-renewal and tumorigenesis, the researchers altered the expression of the two genes in a line of human breast carcinoma cells. In experimental settings, their results confirmed this clinical data that either defect increases stem cell population by three to five times. Furthermore, Korkaya observed an additive effect and an approximate 10-fold increase in stem cell population when they created a cell line with deleted PTEN and HER2 overexpression. Another property of aggressive tumors is metastasis; the team also found that these cells had increased invasive capacity in a matrigel invasion assay.
"In general, tumors are heterogeneous including stem and non-stem cell populations in a given malignancy," Korkaya said. "If the stem cells acquired mutations in their self-renewing pathways, they will then begin reproducing at an accelerated rate, leading to a particularly aggressive form of cancer."
The researchers believe further studies will identify new biomarkers that will enable physicians to clinically screen patients for mammary stem cells and provide specific treatments designed to target these cells.
Local Radiotherapy Might Contribute to Leukemia Risk in Breast Cancer by Recruitment of Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Abstract 5050
Radiation therapy affects not only the cancer mass, but also the surrounding tissues, including the bone marrow. Signals from the cells in the bone marrow damaged by cancer radiotherapy could be involved in the development of secondary acute myeloma by drawing hematopoietic stem cells, the blood-producing cells of the bone marrow, from distant sites into the irradiated bone marrow, according to researchers from the Ontario Cancer Institute. Their findings suggest that local radiotherapy leads to leukemia, even though radiotherapy directly affects only a small fraction of the bone marrow.
While often effective in treating breast cancer, localized radiation therapy increases the risk of developing secondary cancer, which most frequently manifests in the form of acute myeloid leukemia. In breast cancer, less than 10 percent of bone marrow is exposed to radiation therapy, yet a much higher percentage of hematopoietic stem cells could be affected.
To understand this effect, the researchers labeled and tracked the movement of hematopoietic stem cells in an animal model. Following local radiation therapy, they found that more than four times more hematopoietic stem cells accumulated in the irradiated bone marrow, compared to the non-irradiated bone marrow. Through molecular screening, they found that cells in the area were creating an overabundance of three protein signals known to recruit hematopoietic stem cells: SDF1, MMP2 and MMP9.
"Cells within the bone marrow send out these chemical signals as a sort of call for help, which recruits a large number of hematopoietic stem cells into the affected areas, supposedly to replace damaged cells," said Carlo Bastianutto, Ph.D., a scientific associate at the Ontario Cancer Institute. "In effect, this becomes a trap for this specific population of stem cells, drawing them into the bone marrow present in the radiation field and getting them exposed to the following radiation cycles. This story might repeat at every cycle of radiation therapy, therefore increasing the chance of producing a leukemic stem cell."
According to the OCI researchers, the recruiting signal might be stopped by chemical blockers, which was shown to inhibit the signals experimentally. "Conceivably, it could be possible to inhibit these chemical signals, and this could reduce the risk of secondary acute myeloid leukemia, but much more research needs to be done," Bastianutto said.
The researchers believe this model could help prevent acute myeloid leukemia in patients with malignancies other than breast cancer.
Prospective identification of highly tumorigenic colon adenocarcinoma cells enriched for stem-like properties: Abstract 1288
Colon cancer could join the growing list of stem cell-related cancers with the discovery of a population of highly tumorigenic primary human colon tumor cells, according to researchers from Biogen Idec.
"Such stem cells could be responsible for the perpetuation of colon cancer and its relapse following successful therapy," said Peter Chu, Ph.D., researcher at Biogen Idec. "Our goal is to improve cancer survival rates by identifying these cancer stem cells in order to pave the way for therapeutics to prevent the relapse or metastasis of cancer."
To identify potential cancer stem cells, also known as cancer-initiating cells, the researchers screened a population of human colon cancer cells for molecular markers that differentiated some cells from others. They found a certain subset of cells produced an exceptional amount of CD44 cell surface receptor protein, a well-studied protein involved in many forms of cancer.
According to Chu, to be identified as cancer stem cells, they had to be highly tumorigenic, creating new tumors quickly and from very few starting cells; had to be self-renewing, possessing a capacity to regenerate; and they had to produce tumors similar to the tumor of origin. "These CD44-producing cells fit the bill, although there is evidence to believe that CD44 overexpression is not the sole marker for colon cancer stem cells," said Chu.
Chu and his colleagues discovered that as few as 10 cells producing high amounts of CD44 were capable of creating tumors in an animal model. In contrast, other tumor cells were 10 to 50 times less tumorigenic. The fact that they were tumorigenic at all, the researchers say, indicates that CD44 alone is unlikely to be the sole indicator of stem cell-ness among the tumor cell population. However, according to Chu, the discovery that high CD44 producing cells have cancer stem cell properties provides an entry point into further research into cancer-causing stem cells.
BRCA1 regulates human mammary stem cell self-renewal and differentiation: Abstract 5700
Mutations in the well-known breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 have a role in the propagation of aggressive stem cell-driven cancer. The findings, according to researchers at the University of Michigan, offer further evidence that breast cancer treatment strategies require a stronger focus on the stem cells that drive the disease.
"Our lab previously identified the presence of mammary stem cells and, since BRCA1 is such a strong predictor of breast cancer, we were interested in the involvement of the gene in stem cells," said Suling Liu, Ph.D., a researcher at the University of Michigan's Comprehensive Cancer Center. "If mammary stem cells are, indeed, the driving force of breast cancer, then we need to know more about their function if we hope to create more effective therapies."
To investigate the role of the gene in stem cells, the team engineered a lentivirus to carry small interfering RNA segments that, in effect, silence the BRCA1 gene. They then observed how a population of mammary stem cells functioned without the ability to produce BRCA1. When BRCA1 was inhibited, the number of stem cells was increased by 75 percent. These new cells, in turn, produced three times the normal amount of a stem cell marker protein ALDH1.
In an animal model of the disease, the knockdown of the BRCA1 gene increased the number of stem cells, which then propagated in the fatty tissues of the breast.
These studies suggest that loss of BRCA1 function leads to a block in cell differentiation, expanding the stem cell pool. Since BRCA1 also regulates DNA repair, this may then produce genetically unstable stem cells which in turn generate tumors in these women.
According to Liu, the loss of a single BRCA1 gene can lead to stem cell propagation. The researchers believe their findings might lead to better BRCA1 screening in women with a family history of breast cancer.
American Association for Cancer Research
According to the researchers, understanding the pathways that regulate stem cell self-renewal is important in developing therapeutics that target the tumor stem cell pool. These genes might also become targets of interest in the treatment of tumors resistant to the drug Herceptin.
"We now believe that our results show further evidence that breast cancer arises from signaling errors in the biochemical pathways that control mammary stem cell self-renewal" said Hasan Korkaya, D.V.M., Ph.D., a research fellow at the University of Michigan's Comprehensive Cancer Center. "Since only stem cells have the ability to self-renew, deregulation of either PTEN or HER2 expands the stem cell populations with self-renewing ability."
According to Korkaya, cells with deregulated - or increased - self-renewing ability will then initiate and maintain tumors that are resistant to current therapies.
The two genes appear to influence stem cell self-renewal by controlling two different arms of the pathway, says Korkaya. In breast cancer, the loss of PTEN is linked to nearly a quarter of all cases, while the overproduction of HER2 is associated with nearly 40 percent of all cases. Patients with a combined defect of PTEN loss and HER2 amplification represent worse prognosis than either defect alone.
To replicate this clinical phenomenon and study the link between stem cell self-renewal and tumorigenesis, the researchers altered the expression of the two genes in a line of human breast carcinoma cells. In experimental settings, their results confirmed this clinical data that either defect increases stem cell population by three to five times. Furthermore, Korkaya observed an additive effect and an approximate 10-fold increase in stem cell population when they created a cell line with deleted PTEN and HER2 overexpression. Another property of aggressive tumors is metastasis; the team also found that these cells had increased invasive capacity in a matrigel invasion assay.
"In general, tumors are heterogeneous including stem and non-stem cell populations in a given malignancy," Korkaya said. "If the stem cells acquired mutations in their self-renewing pathways, they will then begin reproducing at an accelerated rate, leading to a particularly aggressive form of cancer."
The researchers believe further studies will identify new biomarkers that will enable physicians to clinically screen patients for mammary stem cells and provide specific treatments designed to target these cells.
Local Radiotherapy Might Contribute to Leukemia Risk in Breast Cancer by Recruitment of Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Abstract 5050
Radiation therapy affects not only the cancer mass, but also the surrounding tissues, including the bone marrow. Signals from the cells in the bone marrow damaged by cancer radiotherapy could be involved in the development of secondary acute myeloma by drawing hematopoietic stem cells, the blood-producing cells of the bone marrow, from distant sites into the irradiated bone marrow, according to researchers from the Ontario Cancer Institute. Their findings suggest that local radiotherapy leads to leukemia, even though radiotherapy directly affects only a small fraction of the bone marrow.
While often effective in treating breast cancer, localized radiation therapy increases the risk of developing secondary cancer, which most frequently manifests in the form of acute myeloid leukemia. In breast cancer, less than 10 percent of bone marrow is exposed to radiation therapy, yet a much higher percentage of hematopoietic stem cells could be affected.
To understand this effect, the researchers labeled and tracked the movement of hematopoietic stem cells in an animal model. Following local radiation therapy, they found that more than four times more hematopoietic stem cells accumulated in the irradiated bone marrow, compared to the non-irradiated bone marrow. Through molecular screening, they found that cells in the area were creating an overabundance of three protein signals known to recruit hematopoietic stem cells: SDF1, MMP2 and MMP9.
"Cells within the bone marrow send out these chemical signals as a sort of call for help, which recruits a large number of hematopoietic stem cells into the affected areas, supposedly to replace damaged cells," said Carlo Bastianutto, Ph.D., a scientific associate at the Ontario Cancer Institute. "In effect, this becomes a trap for this specific population of stem cells, drawing them into the bone marrow present in the radiation field and getting them exposed to the following radiation cycles. This story might repeat at every cycle of radiation therapy, therefore increasing the chance of producing a leukemic stem cell."
According to the OCI researchers, the recruiting signal might be stopped by chemical blockers, which was shown to inhibit the signals experimentally. "Conceivably, it could be possible to inhibit these chemical signals, and this could reduce the risk of secondary acute myeloid leukemia, but much more research needs to be done," Bastianutto said.
The researchers believe this model could help prevent acute myeloid leukemia in patients with malignancies other than breast cancer.
Prospective identification of highly tumorigenic colon adenocarcinoma cells enriched for stem-like properties: Abstract 1288
Colon cancer could join the growing list of stem cell-related cancers with the discovery of a population of highly tumorigenic primary human colon tumor cells, according to researchers from Biogen Idec.
"Such stem cells could be responsible for the perpetuation of colon cancer and its relapse following successful therapy," said Peter Chu, Ph.D., researcher at Biogen Idec. "Our goal is to improve cancer survival rates by identifying these cancer stem cells in order to pave the way for therapeutics to prevent the relapse or metastasis of cancer."
To identify potential cancer stem cells, also known as cancer-initiating cells, the researchers screened a population of human colon cancer cells for molecular markers that differentiated some cells from others. They found a certain subset of cells produced an exceptional amount of CD44 cell surface receptor protein, a well-studied protein involved in many forms of cancer.
According to Chu, to be identified as cancer stem cells, they had to be highly tumorigenic, creating new tumors quickly and from very few starting cells; had to be self-renewing, possessing a capacity to regenerate; and they had to produce tumors similar to the tumor of origin. "These CD44-producing cells fit the bill, although there is evidence to believe that CD44 overexpression is not the sole marker for colon cancer stem cells," said Chu.
Chu and his colleagues discovered that as few as 10 cells producing high amounts of CD44 were capable of creating tumors in an animal model. In contrast, other tumor cells were 10 to 50 times less tumorigenic. The fact that they were tumorigenic at all, the researchers say, indicates that CD44 alone is unlikely to be the sole indicator of stem cell-ness among the tumor cell population. However, according to Chu, the discovery that high CD44 producing cells have cancer stem cell properties provides an entry point into further research into cancer-causing stem cells.
BRCA1 regulates human mammary stem cell self-renewal and differentiation: Abstract 5700
Mutations in the well-known breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 have a role in the propagation of aggressive stem cell-driven cancer. The findings, according to researchers at the University of Michigan, offer further evidence that breast cancer treatment strategies require a stronger focus on the stem cells that drive the disease.
"Our lab previously identified the presence of mammary stem cells and, since BRCA1 is such a strong predictor of breast cancer, we were interested in the involvement of the gene in stem cells," said Suling Liu, Ph.D., a researcher at the University of Michigan's Comprehensive Cancer Center. "If mammary stem cells are, indeed, the driving force of breast cancer, then we need to know more about their function if we hope to create more effective therapies."
To investigate the role of the gene in stem cells, the team engineered a lentivirus to carry small interfering RNA segments that, in effect, silence the BRCA1 gene. They then observed how a population of mammary stem cells functioned without the ability to produce BRCA1. When BRCA1 was inhibited, the number of stem cells was increased by 75 percent. These new cells, in turn, produced three times the normal amount of a stem cell marker protein ALDH1.
In an animal model of the disease, the knockdown of the BRCA1 gene increased the number of stem cells, which then propagated in the fatty tissues of the breast.
These studies suggest that loss of BRCA1 function leads to a block in cell differentiation, expanding the stem cell pool. Since BRCA1 also regulates DNA repair, this may then produce genetically unstable stem cells which in turn generate tumors in these women.
According to Liu, the loss of a single BRCA1 gene can lead to stem cell propagation. The researchers believe their findings might lead to better BRCA1 screening in women with a family history of breast cancer.
American Association for Cancer Research
Stem Cells Current Events and Stem Cells News RSSNew discovery about the formation of new brain cells
The generation of new nerve cells in the brain is regulated by a peptide known as C3a, which directly affects the stem cells' maturation into nerve cells and is also important for the migration of new nerve cells through the brain tissue, reveals new research from the Sahlgrenska Academy published in the journal Stem Cells.
Umbilical cord blood stem cell transplant may help lung, heart disorders
Two separate studies published in the current issue of Cell Transplantation (18:8), - now freely available on-line have shown that transplanted human-derived umbilical cord blood (UCB) stem cells transplanted in an animal model had positive therapeutic effects on specific lung and heart disorders the animal models.
Gene mismatch influences success of bone marrow transplants
A commonly inherited gene deletion can increase the likelihood of immune complications following bone marrow transplantation, an international team of researchers reports in the November 22 advance online issue of Nature Genetics.
New research shows versatility of amniotic fluid stem cells
For the first time, scientists have demonstrated that stem cells found in amniotic fluid meet an important test of potential to become specialized cell types, which suggests they may be useful for treating a wider array of diseases and conditions than scientists originally thought.
First reconstitution of an epidermis from human embryonic stem cells
Stem cell research is making great strides. This is yet again illustrated by a study carried out by the I-STEM* Institute (I-STEM/ Inserm UEVE U861/AFM), published in the Lancet on 21 November 2009. The I-STEM team, directed by Marc Peschanski has just succeeded in recreating a whole epidermis from human embryonic stem cells.
Bone Implant Offers Hope for Skull Deformities
A synthetic bone matrix offers hope for babies born with craniosynostosis, a condition that causes the plates in the skull to fuse too soon.
Your Own Stem Cells Can Treat Heart Disease
The largest national stem cell study for heart disease showed the first evidence that transplanting a potent form of adult stem cells into the heart muscle of subjects with severe angina results in less pain and an improved ability to walk. The transplant subjects also experienced fewer deaths than those who didn't receive stem cells.
Is hepatic differentiation of embryonic stem cells induced by valproic acid and cytokines?
Embryonic stem (ES) cells, known for their capacity to proliferate indefinitely and differentiate into almost all types of cells including hepatocytes, have raised the hope of cellular replacement therapy for liver failure.
Paradoxical protein might prevent cancer
One difficulty with fighting cancer cells is that they are similar in many respects to the body's stem cells. By focusing on the differences, researchers at Karolinska Institutet have found a new way of tackling colon cancer. The study is presented in the prestigious journal Cell.
U of M researchers find 2 units of umbilical cord blood reduce risk of leukemia recurrence
A new study from the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota shows that patients who have acute leukemia and are transplanted with two units of umbilical cord blood (UCB) have significantly reduced risk of the disease returning.
More Stem Cells Current Events and Stem Cells News Articles
 |
Essentials of Stem Cell Biology, Second Edition by Robert Lanza (Editor), John Gearhart (Editor), Brigid Hogan (Editor), Douglas Melton (Editor), Roger Pederson (Editor), E. Donnall Thomas (Editor), James Thomson (Editor), Sir Ian Wilmut (Editor) First developed as an accessible abridgement of the successful Handbook of Stem Cells, Essentials of Stem Cell Biology serves the needs of the evolving population of scientists, researchers, practitioners and students that are embracing the latest advances in stem cells. Representing the combined effort of seven editors and more than 200 scholars and scientists whose pioneering work has defined our understanding of stem cells, this book combines the prerequisites for a general understanding of adult and embryonic stem cells with a presentation by the world?s experts of the latest research information about specific organ systems. From basic biology/mechanisms, early development, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, methods to application of stem cells to specific human diseases, regulation and... |
 |
Stem Cell Now by Christopher Thomas Scott (Author) The essential account of the most important scientific advance—and most volatile ethical debate—of our time While many believe stem cell research holds the key to curing a wide range of ailments, others see this research as opening a Pandora’s box that will devalue human life. In Stem Cell Now, Christopher Scott—executive director of Stanford University’s Stem Cells and Society Program—lays out the scientific and ethical issues surrounding this national dilemma. Scott guides readers through the latest advances in stem cell research in clear, accessible language, telling the stories of the researchers who are exploring the potential of stem cells to cure cancer, grow new organs, and repair the immune system. He also leads readers through a... |
 |
The Stem Cell Divide: The Facts, the Fiction, and the Fear Driving the Greatest Scientific, Political, and Religious Debate of Our Time by Michael Bellomo (Author) There has been much recent debate about the merits, dangers, and nature of stem cell research. Some see in it the answer to every debilitating disease known to man, while others see it as a step away from human cloning. While the battle has raged, research is moving ahead, and California has already passed a measure that will give $3 billion in support to stem cell research. But as politics, religion, and the media weigh in on this complex issue, more and more of the scientific reality of stem cell research is getting lost. In the search for the truth about stem cell science, the author has interviewed the scientists whose cutting-edge research is at the very heart of this hot-button issue. The book explains what they have accomplished so far, what they're currently doing, and what... |
 |
Cell of Cells: The Global Race to Capture and Control the Stem Cell by Cynthia Fox (Author) Publication Date is March 26, 2007 |
 |
Human Stem Cell Manual: A Laboratory Guide by Jeanne F. Loring (Editor), Robin L. Wesselschmidt (Editor), Philip H. Schwartz (Editor) Stem cells are self-replicating and undifferentiated, meaning their function is not yet cell, tissue, or organ-specific. Due to the unique nature of these cells, research into their biology and function holds great promise for therapeutic applications through replacement or repair of diseased and damaged cells. This reader-friendly manual provides a practical "hands on" guide to the culture of human embryonic and somatic stem cells. By presenting methods for embryonic and adult lines side-by-side, the authors lay out an elegant and unique path to understanding the science of stem cell practice. The authors begin with a broad-based introduction to the field, and also review legal and regulatory issues and patents. Each experimental strategy is presented with an historical introduction,... |
 |
Stem Cell Research: Medical Applications And Ethical Controversy (The New Biology) by Joseph, Ph.D. Panno (Author) This is an informative reference to the technological advances, applications, and issues of stem cell research. The past few years have seen controversy and debate surrounding stem cell research. Because skin cells have the capability to divide - unlike most of the cells in our body - our skin can heal itself through the division of cells. Scientists have attempted to apply this concept to major organs, trying to see if stem cells can be used to make the repairs that post-mitotic cells cannot. "Stem Cell Research" is a comprehensive and interesting introduction to this popular new science for non-experts. Explaining how stems cells can be obtained from several places, including skin, bone marrow, and most usefully, embryos, this book covers all the fundamental aspects of stem cell... |
 |
The Stem Cell Dilemma: Beacons of Hope or Harbingers of Doom? by Leo Furcht (Author), William Hoffman (Author) TodayÕs scientists are showing us how stem cells create and repair the human body. Unlocking these secrets has become the new Holy Grail of biomedical research. But behind that search lies a sharp divide. Stem cells offer the hope of creating or repairing tissues lost to age, disease, and injury. Yet because of this ability, stem cells hold the potential to incite an international biological arms race. THE STEM CELL DILEMMA will tell you everything you ever wanted to know about stem cells: what they are, how they work, and why their use has become so controversial. We are standing at a scientific crossroads, the likes of which the world has never seen. It is a moment that will change forever the practice of medicine and the future of life as we know it. |
 |
Stem Cell Activator by Bell Lifestyle Products - 60 Capsules by Bell Lifestyle Products, Inc. BENEFITS: Helps to activate naturally millions of stem cells from our own bone marrow. The increase in stem cells released from the bone marrow into the blood stream have the potential to become other types of tissue cells with specialized function. Stem cells will multiply and are able to become heart cells liver cells or any other organ. Located everywhere in our body stem cells are even under our skin layered between the epidermis and dermis. This is why an increase in stem cells under our skin may help to create a more youthful cell that would replenish elastin and collagen and thus may make us look younger. If our bone marrow does not produce enough stem cells this can result in many illnesses especially a weak heart kidneys liver pancreas in fact all healthy functions of our body... |
 |
Stem Cells: Scientific Progress And Future Research Directions by National Institutes of Health (Author) The makings of future news headlines about tomorrow’s life saving therapies starts in the biomedical research laboratory. Ideas abound; early successes and later failures and knowledge gained from both; the rare lightning bolt of an unexpected breakthrough discovery --- this is a glimpse of the behind the scenes action of some of the world’s most acclaimed stem cell scientists’ quest to solve some of the human body’s most challenging mysteries. Stem cells --- what lies ahead? The following chapters explore some of the cutting edge research featuring stem cells. Disease and disorders with no therapies or at best, partially effective ones, are the lure of the pursuit of stem cell research. Described here are examples of significant progress that is a prologue to an era of... |
 |
Stem Cell Wars: Inside Stories from the Frontlines by Eve Herold (Author), George Daley Dr. (Foreword) Americans have become the victims of misinformation about stem cell research. Over the last few years, the stem cell debate has been intensely political, religious, and confusing to many people. Now, Eve Herold explains what this science is all about, who is for and against it, and why it must go forward. She pulls together fascinating stories to highlight every aspect of this multifaceted field. She exposes the politics of stem cell research and demonstrates how the outcome of the debate could ultimately affect all of us. Packed with real-life stories of the people caught up in this groundbreaking struggle, Stem Cell Wars cuts through the noise and sets the standard for future debate. |
| © 2009 BrightSurf.com |