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Exercise Pill is No Replacement for Exercise
August 06, 2008COLUMBIA, Mo. - Recently, researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, a research organization focused on biology and its relation to health, published a study in the journal Cell on the results of a substance that increased exercise endurance without daily exertion when tested in mice. Media reports have described this substance as an "exercise pill," potentially eliminating the need for exercise. Frank Booth, a University of Missouri expert on the science of inactivity, says the "exercise pill" study did not test all of the commonly known benefits of exercise and taking the pill cannot be considered a replacement for exercise.
In the Cell paper "Exercise Mimetics" the researchers demonstrated that AMPK-PPARδ pathways, which is a cellular messenger system, can be targeted by orally active drugs to enhance training adaptation or even to increase endurance without exercise. However, Booth cautions that some of the commonly known benefits of exercise were not tested in the Cell paper including:
Decreased resting and submaximal exercise heart rate
Increased heart stroke volume at all exercise work loads
Increased maximal exercise cardiac output
Lower blood pressure and arterial stiffness
Increased aerobic capacity
A complete list of the 26 benefits not tested in the paper is included below.
The prevention of the increased risk of chronic disease produced by lifelong physical inactivity also was not tested in the Cell paper. According to Katzmarzyk & Janssen (Can J Appl Physiol 29:90, 2004), human physical activity decreases the risk of:
Coronary artery disease (decreases risk by 45 percent)
Stroke (decreases risk by 60 percent)
Hypertension (decreases risk by 30 percent)
Colon cancer (decreases risk by 41 percent)
Breast cancer (decreases risk by 30 percent)
Type 2 diabetes (decreases risk by 50 percent)
Osteoporosis (decreases risk by 59 percent)
Until targeting AMPK-PPARδ pathways by drugs is shown to have all the above listed exercise benefits in humans, it is premature to use the term "exercise mimetics" from the very limited observations of the Cell paper, Booth said. Booth's expectation, based upon his more than 40 years of research experience in exercise and physical inactivity adaptations, is that the drugs in the Cell paper will only partially imitate exercise. In order for any "exercise pill" to counter physical inactivity, the pill must be
polygenic, or control many genes at once; therefore the Cell drugs are not likely to provide all of the
benefits of comprehensive physical activity. In Booth's opinion, the drugs used in the Cell paper were not conclusively proven to mimic exercise, contrary to media reports.
Booth has more than 40 years of research experience in physiological, biochemical, molecular and genetic adaptations that occur during exercise. He is a professor in the MU College of Veterinary Medicine and the MU School of Medicine and a research investigator in the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center. He is a member of the editorial boards of Journal of Applied Physiology, American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology, Physiological Genomics and CardioMetabolic Syndrome.
Commonly known benefits of exercise not tested in the Cell paper were:
Decreased resting and submaximal exercise heart rate
Increased heart stroke volume at all exercise work loads
Increased maximal exercise cardiac output
Lower blood pressure and arterial stiffness
Increased aerobic capacity
Increased strength and cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle
Delayed loss of muscle mass and strength with aging and physical frailty
Improved balance and coordination
Improved flexibility
Reduced osteoporosis
Reduced joint stress and back pain
Decreased gallstone disease
Improved endothelial function
Decreased incidence of myocardial ischemia
Less myocardial damage from ischemia
Decreased oxidative stress
Decreased inflammation
Improved immune function
Decreased liver steatosis and fatty liver disease
Improved insulin sensitivity and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes
Less likelihood of depression, anxiety, stress and poor psychological well-being
Ameliorating hyperlipidemia: lower total cholesterol, higher HDL, and decreased blood triglycerides
Improved cognitive function in the elderly
Increased blood flow and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hypothalamus
Prevention of the loss of brain volume in the elderly
Delay in decline of physiological reserve in organ systems with aging
University of Missouri
Increased heart stroke volume at all exercise work loads
Increased maximal exercise cardiac output
Lower blood pressure and arterial stiffness
Increased aerobic capacity
A complete list of the 26 benefits not tested in the paper is included below.
The prevention of the increased risk of chronic disease produced by lifelong physical inactivity also was not tested in the Cell paper. According to Katzmarzyk & Janssen (Can J Appl Physiol 29:90, 2004), human physical activity decreases the risk of:
Coronary artery disease (decreases risk by 45 percent)
Stroke (decreases risk by 60 percent)
Hypertension (decreases risk by 30 percent)
Colon cancer (decreases risk by 41 percent)
Breast cancer (decreases risk by 30 percent)
Type 2 diabetes (decreases risk by 50 percent)
Osteoporosis (decreases risk by 59 percent)
Until targeting AMPK-PPARδ pathways by drugs is shown to have all the above listed exercise benefits in humans, it is premature to use the term "exercise mimetics" from the very limited observations of the Cell paper, Booth said. Booth's expectation, based upon his more than 40 years of research experience in exercise and physical inactivity adaptations, is that the drugs in the Cell paper will only partially imitate exercise. In order for any "exercise pill" to counter physical inactivity, the pill must be
polygenic, or control many genes at once; therefore the Cell drugs are not likely to provide all of the
benefits of comprehensive physical activity. In Booth's opinion, the drugs used in the Cell paper were not conclusively proven to mimic exercise, contrary to media reports.
Booth has more than 40 years of research experience in physiological, biochemical, molecular and genetic adaptations that occur during exercise. He is a professor in the MU College of Veterinary Medicine and the MU School of Medicine and a research investigator in the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center. He is a member of the editorial boards of Journal of Applied Physiology, American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology, Physiological Genomics and CardioMetabolic Syndrome.
Commonly known benefits of exercise not tested in the Cell paper were:
Decreased resting and submaximal exercise heart rate
Increased heart stroke volume at all exercise work loads
Increased maximal exercise cardiac output
Lower blood pressure and arterial stiffness
Increased aerobic capacity
Increased strength and cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle
Delayed loss of muscle mass and strength with aging and physical frailty
Improved balance and coordination
Improved flexibility
Reduced osteoporosis
Reduced joint stress and back pain
Decreased gallstone disease
Improved endothelial function
Decreased incidence of myocardial ischemia
Less myocardial damage from ischemia
Decreased oxidative stress
Decreased inflammation
Improved immune function
Decreased liver steatosis and fatty liver disease
Improved insulin sensitivity and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes
Less likelihood of depression, anxiety, stress and poor psychological well-being
Ameliorating hyperlipidemia: lower total cholesterol, higher HDL, and decreased blood triglycerides
Improved cognitive function in the elderly
Increased blood flow and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hypothalamus
Prevention of the loss of brain volume in the elderly
Delay in decline of physiological reserve in organ systems with aging
University of Missouri
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It's a naturally occurring brain chemical with an unwieldy name: 4-hydroxybutyrate (4-HB). Taken by mouth, it can be abused or used as a date-rape drug.
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Heart function significantly improved in children and young adults with single-ventricle congenital heart disease who have had the Fontan operation following treatment with sildenafil, a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension, say researchers from The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
Talking to ourselves: How consumers navigate choices and inner conflict
From simple decisions like "Should I eat this brownie?" to bigger questions such as "Should my next car be a hybrid?" consumers are involved in an inner dialogue that reflects thoughts and perspectives of their different selves, according to the authors of a new study in the Journal of Consumer Research.
Your Own Stem Cells Can Treat Heart Disease
The largest national stem cell study for heart disease showed the first evidence that transplanting a potent form of adult stem cells into the heart muscle of subjects with severe angina results in less pain and an improved ability to walk. The transplant subjects also experienced fewer deaths than those who didn't receive stem cells.
The benefits of exercise
Physical exercise is one of the most effective methods of preventing disease. The current issue of Deutsches Arzteblatt International is devoted to this important topic.
Playing sport up to the end of pregnancy is healthy for the baby and the mother
Contrary to more conservative customs, exercising up to the end of pregnancy has no harmful effect on the weight or size of the foetus.
Texas Children's discharges first pediatric patient with implanted mechanical heart device
Texas Children's Hospital is the nation's first pediatric hospital to discharge a child while on an intracorporeal ventricular assist device (VAD), a feat previously accomplished only at adult institutions.
Expectant moms, babies subjects of new Singapore study to prevent obesity and diabetes in adults
Three Singapore biomedical institutions have launched a major, long-term study of pregnant mothers and their fetuses as well as infant children to determine just how profoundly environmental factors early in life influence the onset of diseases such as obesity and diabetes in later years.
DNA barcodes: Creative new uses span health, fraud, smuggling, history, more
The scientific ability to quickly and accurately identify species through DNA "barcoding" is being embraced and applied by a growing legion of global authorities - from medical and agricultural researchers to police and customs authorities to palaeontologists and others.
Young tennis players who play only 1 sport are more prone to injuries
Gifted young athletes are under increasing pressure to play only one sport year round.
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