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Trapping white blood cells proves novel strategy against chronic viral infections
August 14, 2008Seeing disease-fighting white blood cells vanish from the blood usually signals a weakened immune system.
But preventing white blood cells' circulation by trapping them in the lymph nodes can help mice get rid of a chronic viral infection, researchers at Yerkes National Primate Research Center and the Emory Vaccine Center have found.
Their findings, published this week in the journal Nature, suggest a new strategy for fighting chronic viral infections that could apply to the treatment of human diseases such as hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS.
The team's discoveries grew out of their study of two varieties of a virus that causes meningitis in mice, says senior author John Altman, PhD, associate professor of microbiology and immunology at Yerkes Research Center and Emory University School of Medicine.
The first author of the paper was postdoctoral fellow Mary Premenko-Lanier, PhD, with contributions from Sarah Pruett, PhD, assistant director of the Biomarkers Core Lab at Yerkes Research Center and graduate students Nelson Moseley and Pablo Romagnoli.
Standard black laboratory mice can fight off infection by the Armstrong strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), but are vulnerable to chronic infection by a variant called clone 13.
Altman and his co-workers found that infecting mice with the Armstrong strain sequesters white blood cells in the lymph nodes, while clone 13 does so less stringently.
"Our hypothesis was that if we could artificially induce conditions like those produced by the Armstrong strain, it would help the immune system clear an infection by clone 13," says Altman.
His team turned to an experimental drug called FTY720, which prevents white blood cells from leaving lymph nodes.
FTY720, also known as fingolimod, desensitizes white blood cells so they can't respond to the chemical messenger sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P also influences heart rate and smooth muscle contraction in the airways.
Scientists had previously thought of FTY720 as something that suppresses the immune system, Altman says. While not approved for sale by the FDA, doctors have tested it for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and preventing kidney transplant rejection.
Even if mice have a stable chronic LCMV clone 13 infection, treatment with FTY720 can still improve their immune response against LCMV enough to have them rid it from their systems, the authors found.
FTY720 appears to prevent "exhaustion" in the group of white blood cells called CD8+ T cells, which are responsible for killing off other cells that become infected by LCMV. Usually, the stress of infection kills some CD8+ T cells and leaves others unable to respond to the virus, Altman says.
It is unclear whether FTY720 resuscitates non-responsive T cells or allows new ones to avoid being killed off, he says.
Altman says he and his co-workers are planning to test FTY720's effects with other viruses.
Emory University
The team's discoveries grew out of their study of two varieties of a virus that causes meningitis in mice, says senior author John Altman, PhD, associate professor of microbiology and immunology at Yerkes Research Center and Emory University School of Medicine.
The first author of the paper was postdoctoral fellow Mary Premenko-Lanier, PhD, with contributions from Sarah Pruett, PhD, assistant director of the Biomarkers Core Lab at Yerkes Research Center and graduate students Nelson Moseley and Pablo Romagnoli.
Standard black laboratory mice can fight off infection by the Armstrong strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), but are vulnerable to chronic infection by a variant called clone 13.
Altman and his co-workers found that infecting mice with the Armstrong strain sequesters white blood cells in the lymph nodes, while clone 13 does so less stringently.
"Our hypothesis was that if we could artificially induce conditions like those produced by the Armstrong strain, it would help the immune system clear an infection by clone 13," says Altman.
His team turned to an experimental drug called FTY720, which prevents white blood cells from leaving lymph nodes.
FTY720, also known as fingolimod, desensitizes white blood cells so they can't respond to the chemical messenger sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P also influences heart rate and smooth muscle contraction in the airways.
Scientists had previously thought of FTY720 as something that suppresses the immune system, Altman says. While not approved for sale by the FDA, doctors have tested it for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and preventing kidney transplant rejection.
Even if mice have a stable chronic LCMV clone 13 infection, treatment with FTY720 can still improve their immune response against LCMV enough to have them rid it from their systems, the authors found.
FTY720 appears to prevent "exhaustion" in the group of white blood cells called CD8+ T cells, which are responsible for killing off other cells that become infected by LCMV. Usually, the stress of infection kills some CD8+ T cells and leaves others unable to respond to the virus, Altman says.
It is unclear whether FTY720 resuscitates non-responsive T cells or allows new ones to avoid being killed off, he says.
Altman says he and his co-workers are planning to test FTY720's effects with other viruses.
Emory University
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Genetic Testing May Be Valuable in Treating Colorectal Cancer
For the 29,000 patients in the United States with metastatic colorectal cancer, chemotherapy with irinotecan is a standard treatment that has been shown to improve survival.
Common allergy drug reduces obesity and diabetes in mice
Crack open the latest medical textbook to the chapter on type 2, or adult-onset, diabetes, and you'll be hard pressed to find the term "immunology" anywhere.
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White Blood Cells by The White Stripes 2008 reissue of White Blood Cells, the third album by alternative rock band The White Stripes. The band's commercial breakthrough, this 2001 album went gold,spinning off the Top 20 Modern Rock hits 'Fell In Love With A Girl' and 'Dead Leaves And The Dirty Ground.' White Blood Cells peaked at number 61 on the Billboard 200 and it reached number 55 in the UK, being bolstered in both territories by the "Fell in Love with a Girl" single. The album was dedicated to Loretta Lynn, creating a friendship between Lynn and both Jack and Meg White. In 2004, Jack White would produce Lynn's comeback hit album Van Lear Rose.16 tracks. |
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White Blood Cells The White Stripes (Primary Contributor) |
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White Blood Cells by The White Stripes This, the much anticipated third album by Detroit's critically acclaimed brother and sister duo, The White Stripes was recorded in early February this year at the legendary Easley Studio in Memphis, Tennessee and if The White Stripes were the Velvet Underground this would be their Loaded. It's becoming apparent that THE WHITE STRIPES ARE the great white hope and they have developed an enthusiastic following across the country and around the world. White Blood Cells has 15 original tracks performed by Jack and Meg White, no orchestras, session musicians or studio trickery has been employed. 2001 release. |
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White Blood Cell (Leukocyte) Corporeals Plush [Toy] by Giant Microbes Don't let his cute looks fool you -- this highly trained killer takes out enemy cells with extreme prejudice. Learn how to stay on his good side. |
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We're Going To Be Friends (Album Version) The White Stripes (Primary Contributor) |
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White Blood Cells by The White Stripes This, the much anticipated third album by Detroit's critically acclaimed brother and sister duo, The White Stripes was recorded in early February this year at the legendary Easley Studio in Memphis, Tennessee and if The White Stripes were the Velvet Underground this would be their Loaded. It's becoming apparent that THE WHITE STRIPES ARE the great white hope and they have developed an enthusiastic following across the country and around the world. White Blood Cells has 15 original tracks performed by Jack and Meg White, no orchestras, session musicians or studio trickery has been employed. 2001 release. |
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White Blood Cells by The White Stripes Japanese only SHM-CD (Super High Material CD - playable on all CD players) pressing. Universal. 2008. |
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Dead Leaves And The Dirty Ground (Album Version) The White Stripes (Primary Contributor) |
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White Blood Cells by The White Stripes This, the much anticipated third album by Detroit's critically acclaimed brother and sister duo, The White Stripes was recorded in early February this year at the legendary Easley Studio in Memphis, Tennessee and if The White Stripes were the Velvet Underground this would be their Loaded. It's becoming apparent that THE WHITE STRIPES ARE the great white hope and they have developed an enthusiastic following across the country and around the world. White Blood Cells has 15 original tracks performed by Jack and Meg White, no orchestras, session musicians or studio trickery has been employed. 2001 release. |
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