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As head and neck cancer risks evolve, more treatment options emerge
September 11, 2008Advances in understanding head and neck cancer over the last decade have led to more treatment options and improved quality of life for patients, according to a review published this week in the New England Journal of Medicine.
The authors are Dong M. Shin, MD, Frances Kelly Blomeyer Distinguished Professor and associate director of Emory University School of Medicinešs Winship Cancer Institute, and Robert Haddad, MD, assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and clinical director of its Head and Neck Oncology Program.
At Winship, Shin is leading a head and neck cancer drug discovery program and conducting clinical trials aimed at preventing head and neck cancers from progressing or recurring. He and his co-workers recently showed that a compound from green tea enhances the effects of a FDA-approved drug (erlotinib) against head and neck cancer cells in animals, suggesting that it could work similarly in humans. The results are published in the September issue of International Journal of Cancer.
The majority of head and neck cancers arise from the soft tissues of the mouth, throat, and voice box. Symptoms can include a sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and a changing voice.
Even successful treatment can result in changes in the appearance of the patient's face. However, over the last decade, techniques have been developed that allow doctors to better preserve organ function in cases of larynx or tongue cancers, Shin says.
Because smoking and alcohol consumption are risk factors, most patients are middle-aged males with a history of smoking and drinking. However, a recent increase in head and neck cancer cases among patients under 40 who do not share those risk factors has alarmed doctors, Shin says.
The increase appears to come from human papillomavirus, the same virus that causes cervical cancer in women, and may be linked with oral sex, he says.
Around 47,000 new cases and 12,000 resulting deaths in the United States are expected this year, making head and neck cancer the fifth deadliest type of cancer, according to the American Cancer Society.
In their review, Shin and Haddad describe:
* molecular pathways that lead to the development of head and neck cancer
* refinements in radiation, chemotherapy and surgery allowing doctors to preserve affected tissues and body parts
* evidence for the link between human papillomavirus and some types of head and neck cancer
* new therapies designed to target the out-of-control growth circuits in cancer cells
Some of the new therapies, such as erlotinib and cetuximab, work against the signals that come from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which drives out-of-control growth in head and neck cancer cells. Erlotinib inhibits EGFR's signals inside the cell, while cetuximab consists of antibodies that block the signals from outside the cell.
As an illustration of progress, five-year survival rates for oropharynx and tonsil cancer have increased from 36 percent in the early 1980s to around 54 percent for patients diagnosed in 2000, according to the National Cancer Institute.
Still, Shin says early detection is an important strategy to increase survival.
"More than two-thirds of patients come to doctors with locally and regionally advanced disease, and their prognoses are dismal", he says. "But head and neck cancers are potentially curable when diagnosed at an early stage."
In clinical trials at Winship, Shin is testing drug regimens in an effort to prevent head and neck cancer in patients who have pre-cancerous growths. A separate trial seeks to prevent a second primary tumor in patients who have already had a first.
Emory University
The majority of head and neck cancers arise from the soft tissues of the mouth, throat, and voice box. Symptoms can include a sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and a changing voice.
Even successful treatment can result in changes in the appearance of the patient's face. However, over the last decade, techniques have been developed that allow doctors to better preserve organ function in cases of larynx or tongue cancers, Shin says.
Because smoking and alcohol consumption are risk factors, most patients are middle-aged males with a history of smoking and drinking. However, a recent increase in head and neck cancer cases among patients under 40 who do not share those risk factors has alarmed doctors, Shin says.
The increase appears to come from human papillomavirus, the same virus that causes cervical cancer in women, and may be linked with oral sex, he says.
Around 47,000 new cases and 12,000 resulting deaths in the United States are expected this year, making head and neck cancer the fifth deadliest type of cancer, according to the American Cancer Society.
In their review, Shin and Haddad describe:
* molecular pathways that lead to the development of head and neck cancer
* refinements in radiation, chemotherapy and surgery allowing doctors to preserve affected tissues and body parts
* evidence for the link between human papillomavirus and some types of head and neck cancer
* new therapies designed to target the out-of-control growth circuits in cancer cells
Some of the new therapies, such as erlotinib and cetuximab, work against the signals that come from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which drives out-of-control growth in head and neck cancer cells. Erlotinib inhibits EGFR's signals inside the cell, while cetuximab consists of antibodies that block the signals from outside the cell.
As an illustration of progress, five-year survival rates for oropharynx and tonsil cancer have increased from 36 percent in the early 1980s to around 54 percent for patients diagnosed in 2000, according to the National Cancer Institute.
Still, Shin says early detection is an important strategy to increase survival.
"More than two-thirds of patients come to doctors with locally and regionally advanced disease, and their prognoses are dismal", he says. "But head and neck cancers are potentially curable when diagnosed at an early stage."
In clinical trials at Winship, Shin is testing drug regimens in an effort to prevent head and neck cancer in patients who have pre-cancerous growths. A separate trial seeks to prevent a second primary tumor in patients who have already had a first.
Emory University
Head Neck Cancer Current Events and Head Neck Cancer News RSSRare head and neck cancer linked to HPV, study finds
An increase in cases of a rare type of head and neck cancer appears to be linked to HPV, or human papillomavirus, according to a new study from researchers at the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center.
Curcumin may inhibit nicotine-induced activation of head and neck cancers
Curcumin, the compound that gives curry powder its yellow/orange color, may inhibit the adverse effects of nicotine in patients with head and neck cancer who continue to smoke.
Study finds 231 new genes associated with head and neck cancer
A Henry Ford Hospital study has identified 231 new genes associated with head and neck cancer, one of the most deadly cancers responsible for 2.1 percent of all cancer deaths in the United States.
New treatment combination proves safe for head and neck cancer patients
Patients undergoing treatment for advanced head and neck cancers may respond well to the addition of gefinitib to chemotherapy.
Experimental drug shows promise against head and neck cancer
A laboratory study by researchers at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University suggests that an anti-cancer compound studied for treating blood cancers may also help in treating cancers of the head and neck. The work is reported in the April 28th online edition of the Journal of Pathology.
Survey shows Americans may be missing direct route to head and neck cancer care
Tens of thousands of Americans are diagnosed annually with head and neck cancers, but many adults are unaware of doctors who specialize in treating these conditions, according to a recent survey by the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS), the association representing America's ear, nose and throat (ENT) doctors.
Health choices predict cancer survival, U-M study finds
Head and neck cancer patients who smoked, drank, didn't exercise or didn't eat enough fruit when they were diagnosed had worse survival outcomes than those with better health habits.
Genetic Changes Outside Nuclear DNA Suspected to Trigger More Than Half of All Cancers
A buildup of chemical bonds on certain cancer-promoting genes, a process known as hypermethylation, is widely known to render cells cancerous by disrupting biological brakes on runaway growth. Now, Johns Hopkins scientists say the reverse process - demethylation - which wipes off those chemical bonds may also trigger more than half of all cancers.
Researchers identify genetic markers for aggressive head and neck cancer
Scientists at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University have identified genetic markers that signal poor outcomes for patients with head and neck cancer. These findings could one day lead to a genetic test that could help select or predict successful treatment options for patients with this type of cancer. The results were published in the American Journal of Pathology.
Survival of head and neck cancer patients is greatly affected by coexisting ailments
Current estimates for head and neck cancer survival are largely inaccurate because they widely disregard many of the most common diseases such patients have in addition to their primary cancer, says Jay Piccirillo, M.D., a head and neck specialist at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, the Siteman Cancer Center and Barnes-Jewish Hospital.
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