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Smoking during pregnancy fosters aggression in children
January 06, 2009Women who smoke during pregnancy risk delivering aggressive kids according to a new Canada-Netherlands study published in the journal Development and Psychopathology. While previous studies have shown that smoking during gestation causes low birth weight, this research shows mothers who light up during pregnancy can predispose their offspring to an additional risk: violent behaviour.
What's more, the research team found the risk of giving birth to aggressive children increases among smoking mothers whose familial income is lower than $40,000 per year. Another risk factor for aggressive behaviour in offspring was smoking mothers with a history of antisocial behaviour: run-ins with the law, high school drop-outs and illegal drug use.
"Mothers-to-be whose lives have been marked by anti-social behaviour have a 67 percent chance to have a physically aggressive child if they smoke 10 cigarettes a day while pregnant, compared with 16 percent for those who are non-smokers or who smoke fewer than 10 cigarettes a day," says Dr. Séguin. "Smoking also seems to be an aggravating factor, although less pronounced, in mothers whose anti-social behaviour is negligible or zero."
The research was carried out as part of a wider investigation of children, the Quebec Longitudinal Study, which examined behaviors of 1,745 children between the age of 18 months to three and a half years. Aggressive offspring were characterized by their mothers as quick to hit, bite, kick, fight and bully others.
Other risks for aggressive behaviour
Although physical aggression is most common in preschool children, the researchers identified other prenatal factors associated with aggressive behaviour in children: mothers who are younger than 21, who smoke and who coerce their children to behave. The researchers also found that children from families who earned less than $40,000 per year were at an increased risk for aggressive behaviour.
In this category, heavy smokers had a 40 percent chance of having highly aggressive children, compared with 25 percent for other mothers who were moderate or non-smokers. When income was greater than $40,000 annually, the gap between heavy smokers and others fell to 8 percent.
The effect of smoking on aggression in offspring remained significant - even when other factors were removed such as divorce, depression, maternal education and the mother's age during pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy is one factor that could be curbed to decrease risks of aggression and violent behaviour.
The research team recommends that low-income women, who are heavy smokers and who have a history of anti-social behaviour become a screening criterion for prenatal testing to determine what families need extra support to prevent development of aggressive behaviour.
University of Montreal
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Chimpanzees develop specialized tool kits to catch army ants
Chimpanzees in the Congo have developed specialized "tool kits" to forage for army ants, reveals new research published Sept. 3 in the American Journal of Primatology.
1 gene that contributes to breast cancer's aggressive behavior identified
Aggressive forms of cancer are often driven by the abnormal over-expression of cancer-promoting genes, also known as oncogenes.
A thirst for blood sparks toxic algal blooms
The blooming of toxic algae that occurs during the summer conceal a fight for life and death. Scientists at the University of Gothenburg propose in an article published in the journal PNAS that algal blooms are created when aggressive algae kill and injure their competitors in order to absorb the nutrients they contain.
New tactics to tackle bystander's role in bullying
A new psychodynamic approach to bullying in schools has been successfully trialled by UCL (University College London) and US researchers. CAPSLE (Creating a Peaceful School Learning Environment) is a groundbreaking method focused more on the bystander, including the teacher, than on the bully or the victim.
Antipsychotic drugs double risk of death among Alzheimer's patients
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Brain's 'hate circuit' identified
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Research on consequences: Hyperactive girls face problems as adults
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Stress relief for bullies
At last! An excuse for those of us who take our work-related stress out on our family. Dr. Øyvind Øverli of the University of Oslo has discovered that dominant rainbow trout reduce their stress levels by venting their frustration on socially subordinate animals. Presenting his results at the annual SEB meeting in Edinburgh (29th March - 2nd April 2004, session A15.8), Dr. Øverli suggests that this method of stress reduction may be an evolutionarily conserved strategy, which may increase our understanding of violent aggressive behaviour in humans. "Rainbow trout are highly territorial animals" says Dr. Øverli "When a dominant fish harasses a subordinate, stress levels
University of Ulster Researcher Discovers Crocs That Time Forgot
A University of Ulster researcher has discovered a new population of cave dwelling crocodiles, never before seen outside their Saharan habitat. PhD student Tara Shine discovered the cave dwelling crocodiles while living in the remote African country of Mauritania as part of a two and a half year volunteer project. Previously unknown, except by local tribespeople, the crocodiles live in burrows and caves throughout the dry season and periods of drought - a phenomenon never before recorded among Nile crocodiles. It is believed the reptiles have adapted their behavior and genetic make-up to suit the unpredictable and arid conditions that have developed in the region over the last five to eig
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