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Retrovirus Invasion in Primate Evolution; Limiting the Transmission of Rabies: Press Release from PLoS Biology
February 23, 2005The Chimp Genome Reveals Retroviral Invasions in Primate Evolution
It's been known for a long time that only 2% - 3% of human DNA codes for proteins. Much of the rest of our genomes - often referred to as junk DNA - consists of retroelements, some of which can occasionally replicate and move to a new location in the genome.
If a retrovirus invades the germline (sperm or egg cells) it can be passed on to offspring. And when such an endogenous retrovirus inserts into the genome near a gene, it can alter gene function and can influence the evolution of its host. Over 8% of our genome is made of these infectious remnants - infections that scientists believe occurred before Old World and New World monkeys diverged (25 - 35 million years ago).
In a new study published in the premier open-access online journal PLoS Biology, Evan Eichler and colleagues scanned the chimpanzee genome sequence for endogenous retroviruses and found one that does not occur in humans. Searching the genomes of various apes and monkeys revealed that the retrovirus had integrated into the germline of African great apes and Old World monkeys - but was not present in humans and Asian apes (orangutan, siamang, and gibbon).
The authors also mapped the locations of more than 100 copies of the retroviruses. The results all point to the conclusion that the retroviruses have not been conserved from a common ancestor, but reflect independent infections. Specifically, Eichler and colleagues estimate that gorillas and chimps were infected about 3 - 4 million years ago, and baboon and macaque about 1.5 million years ago.
As for how this retroviral infection bypassed orangutans and humans, the authors offer a number of possible scenarios. It could be that African apes evolved a susceptibility to infection, for example, or that humans and Asian apes evolved resistance. A better understanding of the evolutionary history and population genetics of great apes will help identify the most likely scenarios. And knowing how these retroviral elements infiltrated some apes while sparing others could provide valuable insights into the process of evolution itself.
Citation: Yohn CT, Jiang Z, McGrath SD, Hayden KE, Khaitovich P, et al. (2005) Lineage-specific expansions of retroviral insertions within the genomes of African great apes but not humans and orangutans. PLoS Biol 3(4): e110.
The published article will be accessible to your readers at:
http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030110
Press-only preview of the article: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-03-04-eichler.pdf
CONTACT:
Evan Eichler
University of Washington
School of Medicine
1705 NE Pacific ST HSB K336B
Seattle, WA USA 98195
+1-206-543-9526
eee@gs.washington.edu
**********
Rabies spread speeds up
Though most rabies fatalities in the United States stem from bat bites, far more people are treated for raccoon rabies. In 1990, raccoons topped the list of most often reported rabid mammal. Controlling the spread of rabies depends on predicting the spatial dynamics of the disease - where new outbreaks might occur and how the virus might spread. In a new study reported in the freely-available online journal PLoS Biology, Real and colleagues apply a mathematical model to predict the likely spread of rabies across Ohio - a potential gateway for spread throughout the Midwest - and find that raccoon rabies could spread throughout the state in just three years, far faster than previously thought.
One strategy for limiting rabies spread is to establish vaccine corridors by distributing vaccine baits - vaccine doses hidden in fishmeal - to wild raccoons. This cordon sanitaire strategy limited rabies in Ohio to sporadic cases from 1997 until 2004, when a single rabid animal was detected - 11 kilometers beyond the buffer zone - in northeastern Ohio. By modelling the spread of past outbreaks, the authors had already shown that local transmission was significantly reduced when townships were separated by geographical barriers. The authors incorporated the likely effect of Ohio's five major rivers on transmission from local points along the Pennsylvania or West Virginia border but also adjusted their model to estimate the potential impact of long distant translocations, such as the occasional garbage truck ride. They estimated that rabies would take just 33 months to spread across central Ohio - compared to 48 months to cross the much smaller state of Connecticut - and cover the state within 41 months. This transmission rate - 100 kilometers/year - significantly surpasses previous estimates, which range from 30 to 60 kilometers/year. The potential for such rapid spread, if unchecked, "is quite alarming," the authors warn.
Given the unpredictable nature of rabies transmission - challenging efforts to identify potential leaks in vaccine corridors and sites of dispersal - the authors' simulations provide a valuable resource for anticipating alternate outbreak scenarios and preparing multiple game plans to prevent or contain them. They also indicate the best sites for establishing a new vaccine barrier. And given how fast raccoon rabies could spread, Real and colleagues make a strong case that halting its western march depends on a strategy based on early detection and high-powered intervention programs - a sensible approach for any infectious disease.
Citation: Russell CA, Smith DL, Childs JE, Real LA (2005) Predictive spatial dynamics and strategic planning for raccoon rabies emergence in Ohio. PLoS Biol 3(3): e88.
The published article will be accessible to your readers at:
http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030088
Press-only preview of the article: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-03-03-real.pdf
Related image for press use: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-03-03-real.jpg
Caption: Predicting the spread of raccoon rabies across Ohio. Photo: Leslie Real, et al.
CONTACT:
Leslie A. Real
Emory University
1510 Clifton Road
Atlanta, GA USA 30322
+1-404-727-4099
+1-404-727-2880 (fax)
lreal@emory.edu
**********
THE FOLLOWING RESEARCH ARTICLES WILL ALSO BE PUBLISHED ONLINE:
Cell-by-Cell Dissection of Gene Expression and Chromosomal Interactions Reveals Consequences of Nuclear Reorganization
The authors have devised a way to compare the expression of a gene and its association with heterochromatin in a single cell - such association tightly correlates with gene silencing.
Citation: Harmon B, Sedat J (2005) Cell-by-cell dissection of gene expression and chromosomal interactions reveals consequences of nuclear reorganization. PLoS Biol 3(3): e67.
The published article will be accessible to your readers at:
http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030067
Press-only preview of the article: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-03-03-sedat.pdf
CONTACT:
John Sedat
University of California, San Francisco
600 16th Street, Box 2240
San Francisco, CA USA 94143-2240
+1-415-476-4156
+1-415-514-4242 (fax)
sedat@msg.ucsf.edu
**********
Highly Nonrandom Features of Synaptic Connectivity in Local Cortical Circuits
A dataset of hundreds of recordings in which four neurons were simultaneously monitored reveals clustered connectivity patterns among cortical neurons.
Citation: Song S, Sjostrom PJ, Reigl M, Nelson S, Chklovskii DB (2005) Highly nonrandom features of synaptic connectivity in local cortical circuits. PLoS Biol 3(3): e68.
The published article will be accessible to your readers at:
http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030068
Press-only preview of the article: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-03-03-chklovskii.pdf
CONTACT:
Dmitri Chklovskii
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
1 Bungtown Rd
Cold Spring Harbor, NY USA 11724
+1-516-367-6926
mitya@cshl.edu
**********
Dissociation of Cohesin from Chromosome Arms and Loss of Arm Cohesion during Early Mitosis Depends on Phosphorylation of SA2
Cohesin holds newly replicated chromosomes together until a cell is ready to divide. These authors show how phosphorylation regulates cohesion function.
Citation: Hauf S, Roitinger E, Koch B, Dittrich CM, Mechtler K, et al. (2005) Dissociation of cohesin from chromosome arms and loss of arm cohesion during early mitosis depends on phosphorylation of SA2. PLoS Biol 3(3): e69.
The published article will be accessible to your readers at:
http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030069
Press-only preview of the article: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-03-03-koch.pdf
CONTACT:
Birgit Koch
Research Institute of Molecular Pathology
Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7
Vienna, Austria A-1030
+43-1-7973-0625
koch@imp.univie.ac.at
**********
Shugoshin Prevents Dissociation of Cohesin from Centromeres During Mitosis in Vertebrate Cells
Shugoshin helps to keep newly replicated chromosomes together by protecting cohesins from phosphorylation, until the moment for the chromosomes to separate has arrived.
Citation: McGuinness BE, Hirota T, Kudo NR, Peters JM, Nasmyth K (2005) Shugoshin prevents dissociation of cohesin from centromeres during mitosis in vertebrate cells. PLoS Biol 3(3): e86.
The published article will be accessible to your readers at:
http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030086
Press-only preview of the article: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-03-03-nasmyth.pdf
CONTACT:
Kim Nasmyth
Research Institute of Molecular Pathology
Dr Bohr-Gasse 7
Vienna, Austria A-1030
+43-1-7973-0881
knasmyth@imp.univie.ac.at
**********
Recombination Every Day: Abundant Recombination in a Virus during a Single Multi-Cellular Host Infection
An analysis of recombination of the cauliflower mosaic virus during an infection reveals that recombination is extremely frequent and provides the first range of estimates for a plant virus.
Citation: Froissart R, Roze D, Uzest M, Galibert L, Blanc S, et al. (2005) Recombination every day: Abundant recombination in a virus during a single multi-cellular host infection. PLoS Biol 3(3): e89.
The published article will be accessible to your readers at:
http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030089
Press-only preview of the article: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-03-03-michalakis.pdf
CONTACT:
Yannis Michalakis
IRD-CNRS
911 Avenue Agropolis
Montpellier, France 34394
+33-4-67-41-61-54
Yannis.Michalakis@mpl.ird.fr
Public Library Of Science
The authors also mapped the locations of more than 100 copies of the retroviruses. The results all point to the conclusion that the retroviruses have not been conserved from a common ancestor, but reflect independent infections. Specifically, Eichler and colleagues estimate that gorillas and chimps were infected about 3 - 4 million years ago, and baboon and macaque about 1.5 million years ago.
As for how this retroviral infection bypassed orangutans and humans, the authors offer a number of possible scenarios. It could be that African apes evolved a susceptibility to infection, for example, or that humans and Asian apes evolved resistance. A better understanding of the evolutionary history and population genetics of great apes will help identify the most likely scenarios. And knowing how these retroviral elements infiltrated some apes while sparing others could provide valuable insights into the process of evolution itself.
Citation: Yohn CT, Jiang Z, McGrath SD, Hayden KE, Khaitovich P, et al. (2005) Lineage-specific expansions of retroviral insertions within the genomes of African great apes but not humans and orangutans. PLoS Biol 3(4): e110.
The published article will be accessible to your readers at:
http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030110
Press-only preview of the article: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-03-04-eichler.pdf
CONTACT:
Evan Eichler
University of Washington
School of Medicine
1705 NE Pacific ST HSB K336B
Seattle, WA USA 98195
+1-206-543-9526
eee@gs.washington.edu
**********
Rabies spread speeds up
Though most rabies fatalities in the United States stem from bat bites, far more people are treated for raccoon rabies. In 1990, raccoons topped the list of most often reported rabid mammal. Controlling the spread of rabies depends on predicting the spatial dynamics of the disease - where new outbreaks might occur and how the virus might spread. In a new study reported in the freely-available online journal PLoS Biology, Real and colleagues apply a mathematical model to predict the likely spread of rabies across Ohio - a potential gateway for spread throughout the Midwest - and find that raccoon rabies could spread throughout the state in just three years, far faster than previously thought.
One strategy for limiting rabies spread is to establish vaccine corridors by distributing vaccine baits - vaccine doses hidden in fishmeal - to wild raccoons. This cordon sanitaire strategy limited rabies in Ohio to sporadic cases from 1997 until 2004, when a single rabid animal was detected - 11 kilometers beyond the buffer zone - in northeastern Ohio. By modelling the spread of past outbreaks, the authors had already shown that local transmission was significantly reduced when townships were separated by geographical barriers. The authors incorporated the likely effect of Ohio's five major rivers on transmission from local points along the Pennsylvania or West Virginia border but also adjusted their model to estimate the potential impact of long distant translocations, such as the occasional garbage truck ride. They estimated that rabies would take just 33 months to spread across central Ohio - compared to 48 months to cross the much smaller state of Connecticut - and cover the state within 41 months. This transmission rate - 100 kilometers/year - significantly surpasses previous estimates, which range from 30 to 60 kilometers/year. The potential for such rapid spread, if unchecked, "is quite alarming," the authors warn.
Given the unpredictable nature of rabies transmission - challenging efforts to identify potential leaks in vaccine corridors and sites of dispersal - the authors' simulations provide a valuable resource for anticipating alternate outbreak scenarios and preparing multiple game plans to prevent or contain them. They also indicate the best sites for establishing a new vaccine barrier. And given how fast raccoon rabies could spread, Real and colleagues make a strong case that halting its western march depends on a strategy based on early detection and high-powered intervention programs - a sensible approach for any infectious disease.
Citation: Russell CA, Smith DL, Childs JE, Real LA (2005) Predictive spatial dynamics and strategic planning for raccoon rabies emergence in Ohio. PLoS Biol 3(3): e88.
The published article will be accessible to your readers at:
http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030088
Press-only preview of the article: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-03-03-real.pdf
Related image for press use: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-03-03-real.jpg
Caption: Predicting the spread of raccoon rabies across Ohio. Photo: Leslie Real, et al.
CONTACT:
Leslie A. Real
Emory University
1510 Clifton Road
Atlanta, GA USA 30322
+1-404-727-4099
+1-404-727-2880 (fax)
lreal@emory.edu
**********
THE FOLLOWING RESEARCH ARTICLES WILL ALSO BE PUBLISHED ONLINE:
Cell-by-Cell Dissection of Gene Expression and Chromosomal Interactions Reveals Consequences of Nuclear Reorganization
The authors have devised a way to compare the expression of a gene and its association with heterochromatin in a single cell - such association tightly correlates with gene silencing.
Citation: Harmon B, Sedat J (2005) Cell-by-cell dissection of gene expression and chromosomal interactions reveals consequences of nuclear reorganization. PLoS Biol 3(3): e67.
The published article will be accessible to your readers at:
http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030067
Press-only preview of the article: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-03-03-sedat.pdf
CONTACT:
John Sedat
University of California, San Francisco
600 16th Street, Box 2240
San Francisco, CA USA 94143-2240
+1-415-476-4156
+1-415-514-4242 (fax)
sedat@msg.ucsf.edu
**********
Highly Nonrandom Features of Synaptic Connectivity in Local Cortical Circuits
A dataset of hundreds of recordings in which four neurons were simultaneously monitored reveals clustered connectivity patterns among cortical neurons.
Citation: Song S, Sjostrom PJ, Reigl M, Nelson S, Chklovskii DB (2005) Highly nonrandom features of synaptic connectivity in local cortical circuits. PLoS Biol 3(3): e68.
The published article will be accessible to your readers at:
http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030068
Press-only preview of the article: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-03-03-chklovskii.pdf
CONTACT:
Dmitri Chklovskii
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
1 Bungtown Rd
Cold Spring Harbor, NY USA 11724
+1-516-367-6926
mitya@cshl.edu
**********
Dissociation of Cohesin from Chromosome Arms and Loss of Arm Cohesion during Early Mitosis Depends on Phosphorylation of SA2
Cohesin holds newly replicated chromosomes together until a cell is ready to divide. These authors show how phosphorylation regulates cohesion function.
Citation: Hauf S, Roitinger E, Koch B, Dittrich CM, Mechtler K, et al. (2005) Dissociation of cohesin from chromosome arms and loss of arm cohesion during early mitosis depends on phosphorylation of SA2. PLoS Biol 3(3): e69.
The published article will be accessible to your readers at:
http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030069
Press-only preview of the article: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-03-03-koch.pdf
CONTACT:
Birgit Koch
Research Institute of Molecular Pathology
Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7
Vienna, Austria A-1030
+43-1-7973-0625
koch@imp.univie.ac.at
**********
Shugoshin Prevents Dissociation of Cohesin from Centromeres During Mitosis in Vertebrate Cells
Shugoshin helps to keep newly replicated chromosomes together by protecting cohesins from phosphorylation, until the moment for the chromosomes to separate has arrived.
Citation: McGuinness BE, Hirota T, Kudo NR, Peters JM, Nasmyth K (2005) Shugoshin prevents dissociation of cohesin from centromeres during mitosis in vertebrate cells. PLoS Biol 3(3): e86.
The published article will be accessible to your readers at:
http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030086
Press-only preview of the article: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-03-03-nasmyth.pdf
CONTACT:
Kim Nasmyth
Research Institute of Molecular Pathology
Dr Bohr-Gasse 7
Vienna, Austria A-1030
+43-1-7973-0881
knasmyth@imp.univie.ac.at
**********
Recombination Every Day: Abundant Recombination in a Virus during a Single Multi-Cellular Host Infection
An analysis of recombination of the cauliflower mosaic virus during an infection reveals that recombination is extremely frequent and provides the first range of estimates for a plant virus.
Citation: Froissart R, Roze D, Uzest M, Galibert L, Blanc S, et al. (2005) Recombination every day: Abundant recombination in a virus during a single multi-cellular host infection. PLoS Biol 3(3): e89.
The published article will be accessible to your readers at:
http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030089
Press-only preview of the article: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-03-03-michalakis.pdf
CONTACT:
Yannis Michalakis
IRD-CNRS
911 Avenue Agropolis
Montpellier, France 34394
+33-4-67-41-61-54
Yannis.Michalakis@mpl.ird.fr
Public Library Of Science
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