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Nature and the Nature research journals press release
February 07, 2005[1] Leptin regulates bone remodelling
DOI: 10.1038/nature03398
New research into bone structure and function shows how the hormone leptin plays a vital role in these processes, and this new knowledge could help our understanding of osteoporosis, according to a paper published online by Nature this week.
Bone structure and function are maintained throughout life by bone remodelling, which involves an interplay of two functions: bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. Gerard Karsenty and his colleagues show that leptin, best known as a hormone regulating body weight and gonadal function, can regulate bone resorption by acting on osteoclasts - cells that resorb bone - via two distinct and antagonistic pathways. In one pathway, sympathetic signalling promotes differentiation of osteoclasts. In the other pathway, a neuropeptide called CART inhibits osteoclast differentiation.
Blocking the molecules involved in the first pathway, and hence inhibiting bone resorption, could help prevent or manage bone loss, the authors speculate.
Author contact:
Gerard Karsenty (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA)
Tel: +1 713 798 5489, E-mail: karsenty@bcm.tmc.edu
[2] Magnetism of male urine revealed
DOI: 10.1038/nature03414
In a paper to be published online by Nature, researchers show how a particular set of brain cells distinguishes the subtle odours in mouse urine, and they also identify a chemical from male urine that female mice find irresistible.
Mouse urine contains hundreds of volatile compounds, which vary according to the sex, strain and social status of the animal; however, how neurons detect these cues is unknown. While mice sniffed some of these compounds, Da Yu Lin and her colleagues measured electrical responses from single neurons in the olfactory bulb, a region of the brain that picks up sensory information from the nose.
The team found that individual neurons respond to single compounds out of the hundreds present in urine - and that one group of neurons responds specifically to a previously unknown chemical found only in male urine. When a synthetic version of this substance is added to urine from castrated males, females are far more interested in smelling it.
Author contact:
Da Yu Lin (Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA)
Tel: +1 919 681 5920, E-mail: dayulin@neuro.duke.edu
Other papers from Nature to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
[3] Agonist/endogenous peptide-MHC heterodimers drive T cell activation and sensitivity
DOI: 10.1038/nature03391
*******************************************NATURE CELL BIOLOGY ************************************
(http://www.nature.com/naturecellbiology)
[4] New insights into muscle growth regulation
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1231
Several diseases arise when muscle growth is not controlled properly, and loss of muscle mass is a major problem during old age and in AIDS patients. Research published in the March issue of Nature Cell Biology determines a new way to regulate muscle growth by increasing the size of muscle cells - an approach that should minimise the chance of unwelcome side effects, unlike present therapies.
Muscle growth can be achieved in two ways: by increasing the number of muscle cells through cell division or by increasing their size. Current therapies for increasing muscle growth try to exploit the first approach but, as a result, bear the risk of inducing uncontrolled cell division and cancer. However, Mario Pende and colleagues have identified a specific regulatory mechanism - and potential therapeutic target - that controls the size, but not the number, of muscle cells.
Nutrient availability and growth factor levels regulate muscle growth through two signalling proteins: the TOR and Akt kinases. The team found that one protein that acts together with the TOR-Akt kinases - S6K1 kinase - exclusively targets cell growth of skeletal muscle cells, but does not affect their division, showing that muscle growth can be regulated separately. Importantly, this could provide the basis for safer therapies against muscle loss. It should therefore be possible to increase muscle mass by activating S6K1, without the risk of potentially harmful side effects on muscle cell division.
Author contact:
Mario Pende (Inserm, Université Paris 5, Paris, France)
Tel: +33 1 4061 5315, E-mail: pende@necker.fr
Other papers from Nature Cell Biology to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
[5] Maintenance of the diacylglycerol level in the Golgi apparatus by the Nir2 protein is critical for Golgi secretory function
DOI:10.1038/ncb1221
[6] Functionally distinct kinesin-13 family members cooperate to regulate microtubule dynamics during interphase
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1222
[7] Myc-dependent regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis during Drosophila development
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1223
[8] c-Myc binds to human ribosomal DNA and stimulates transcription of rRNA genes by RNA polymerase I
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1224
[9] c-Myc associates with ribosomal DNA and activates RNA polymerase I transcription
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1225
[10] Par-3 controls tight junction assembly through the Rac exchange factor Tiam1
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1226
[11] PAR-6-PAR-3 mediates Cdc42-induced Rac activation through the Rac GEFs STEF/Tiam1
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1227
[12] Cdc42-MRCK and Rho-ROCK signalling cooperate in myosin phosphorylation and cell invasion
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1230
***************************************************************************************************************
Items from other Nature journals to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
NATURE MATERIALS (http://www.nature.com/naturematerials)
[13] The existence of a temperature-driven solid solution in LixFePO4 for 0 £ x £ 1
DOI: 10.1038/nmat1335
[14] Lead zirconate titanate thin films directly on copper electrodes for ferroelectric, dielectric and piezoelectric applications
DOI: 10.1038/nmat1334
[15] High-performance solution-processed polymer ferroelectric field-effect transistors
DOI: 10.1038/nmat1329
NATURE MEDICINE (http://www.nature.com/naturemedicine)
[16] The fibrin-derived peptide Bbeta15-42 protects the myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury
DOI: 10.1038/nm1198
[17] Contribution of bone marrow-derived endothelial cells to human tumor vasculature
DOI: 10.1038/nm1200
[18] G-CSF prevents cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction by activating Jak-Stat pathway in cardiomyocytes
DOI: 10.1038/nm1199
[19] Sequence-specific potent induction of IFN-alpha by short interfering RNA in plasmacytoid dendritic cells through TLR7
DOI: 10.1038/nm1191
[20] EIF2B5 mutations compromise GFAP+ astrocyte generation in vanishing white matter leukodystrophy
DOI: 10.1038/nm1195
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturebiotechnolgy)
[21] Generation of high-affinity human antibodies by combining donor-derived and synthetic complementarity-determining-region diversity
DOI: 10.1038/nbt1067
[22] Programmable ligand-controlled riboregulators of eukaryotic gene expression
DOI: 10.1038/nbt1069
[23] Directed evolution of human T-cell receptors with picomolar affinities by phage display
DOI: 10.1038/nbt1070
[24] Microfabricated arrays of femtoliter chambers allow single molecule enzymology
DOI: 10.1038/nbt1072
NATURE GENETICS (http://www.nature.com/naturegenetics)
[25] Transcription control reprogramming in genetic backup circuits
DOI: 10.1038/ng1523
[26] Global assessment of promoter methylation in a mouse model of cancer identifies ID4 as a putative tumor-suppressor gene in human leukemia
DOI: 10.1038/ng1521
[27] Nephrocystin-5, a ciliary IQ domain protein, is mutated in Senior-Loken syndrome and interacts with RPGR and calmodulin
DOI: 10.1038/ng1520
NATURE NEUROSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/natureneuroscience)
[28] Restoration of spatial working memory by genetic rescue of GluR-A-deficient mice
DOI: 10.1038/nn1412
[29] Multiple periods of functional ocular dominance plasticity in mouse visual cortex
DOI: 10.1038/nn1410
[30] Hierarchical and asymmetric temporal sensitivity in human auditory cortices
DOI: 10.1038/nn1409
[31] Cytoplasmic domain structures of Kir2.1 and Kir3.1 show sites for modulating gating and rectification
DOI: 10.1038/nn1411
NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natureimmunology)
[32] Immune activation modulates hematopoiesis through interactions between CD27 and CD70
DOI: 10.1038/ni1174
NATURE STRUCTURAL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natstructmolbiol)
[33] SUMO modification of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2-25K
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb903
[34] Structural basis for Diels-Alder ribozyme-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond formation
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb906
[35] Structure and activity of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that charges tRNA with nitro-tryptophan
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb907
[36] The structure of a resuscitation-promoting factor domain from Mycobacterium tuberculosis shows homology to lysozymes
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb905
Nature Publishing Group Reference
Bone structure and function are maintained throughout life by bone remodelling, which involves an interplay of two functions: bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. Gerard Karsenty and his colleagues show that leptin, best known as a hormone regulating body weight and gonadal function, can regulate bone resorption by acting on osteoclasts - cells that resorb bone - via two distinct and antagonistic pathways. In one pathway, sympathetic signalling promotes differentiation of osteoclasts. In the other pathway, a neuropeptide called CART inhibits osteoclast differentiation.
Blocking the molecules involved in the first pathway, and hence inhibiting bone resorption, could help prevent or manage bone loss, the authors speculate.
Author contact:
Gerard Karsenty (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA)
Tel: +1 713 798 5489, E-mail: karsenty@bcm.tmc.edu
[2] Magnetism of male urine revealed
DOI: 10.1038/nature03414
In a paper to be published online by Nature, researchers show how a particular set of brain cells distinguishes the subtle odours in mouse urine, and they also identify a chemical from male urine that female mice find irresistible.
Mouse urine contains hundreds of volatile compounds, which vary according to the sex, strain and social status of the animal; however, how neurons detect these cues is unknown. While mice sniffed some of these compounds, Da Yu Lin and her colleagues measured electrical responses from single neurons in the olfactory bulb, a region of the brain that picks up sensory information from the nose.
The team found that individual neurons respond to single compounds out of the hundreds present in urine - and that one group of neurons responds specifically to a previously unknown chemical found only in male urine. When a synthetic version of this substance is added to urine from castrated males, females are far more interested in smelling it.
Author contact:
Da Yu Lin (Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA)
Tel: +1 919 681 5920, E-mail: dayulin@neuro.duke.edu
Other papers from Nature to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
[3] Agonist/endogenous peptide-MHC heterodimers drive T cell activation and sensitivity
DOI: 10.1038/nature03391
*******************************************NATURE CELL BIOLOGY ************************************
(http://www.nature.com/naturecellbiology)
[4] New insights into muscle growth regulation
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1231
Several diseases arise when muscle growth is not controlled properly, and loss of muscle mass is a major problem during old age and in AIDS patients. Research published in the March issue of Nature Cell Biology determines a new way to regulate muscle growth by increasing the size of muscle cells - an approach that should minimise the chance of unwelcome side effects, unlike present therapies.
Muscle growth can be achieved in two ways: by increasing the number of muscle cells through cell division or by increasing their size. Current therapies for increasing muscle growth try to exploit the first approach but, as a result, bear the risk of inducing uncontrolled cell division and cancer. However, Mario Pende and colleagues have identified a specific regulatory mechanism - and potential therapeutic target - that controls the size, but not the number, of muscle cells.
Nutrient availability and growth factor levels regulate muscle growth through two signalling proteins: the TOR and Akt kinases. The team found that one protein that acts together with the TOR-Akt kinases - S6K1 kinase - exclusively targets cell growth of skeletal muscle cells, but does not affect their division, showing that muscle growth can be regulated separately. Importantly, this could provide the basis for safer therapies against muscle loss. It should therefore be possible to increase muscle mass by activating S6K1, without the risk of potentially harmful side effects on muscle cell division.
Author contact:
Mario Pende (Inserm, Université Paris 5, Paris, France)
Tel: +33 1 4061 5315, E-mail: pende@necker.fr
Other papers from Nature Cell Biology to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
[5] Maintenance of the diacylglycerol level in the Golgi apparatus by the Nir2 protein is critical for Golgi secretory function
DOI:10.1038/ncb1221
[6] Functionally distinct kinesin-13 family members cooperate to regulate microtubule dynamics during interphase
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1222
[7] Myc-dependent regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis during Drosophila development
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1223
[8] c-Myc binds to human ribosomal DNA and stimulates transcription of rRNA genes by RNA polymerase I
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1224
[9] c-Myc associates with ribosomal DNA and activates RNA polymerase I transcription
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1225
[10] Par-3 controls tight junction assembly through the Rac exchange factor Tiam1
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1226
[11] PAR-6-PAR-3 mediates Cdc42-induced Rac activation through the Rac GEFs STEF/Tiam1
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1227
[12] Cdc42-MRCK and Rho-ROCK signalling cooperate in myosin phosphorylation and cell invasion
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1230
***************************************************************************************************************
Items from other Nature journals to be published online at the same time and with the same embargo:
NATURE MATERIALS (http://www.nature.com/naturematerials)
[13] The existence of a temperature-driven solid solution in LixFePO4 for 0 £ x £ 1
DOI: 10.1038/nmat1335
[14] Lead zirconate titanate thin films directly on copper electrodes for ferroelectric, dielectric and piezoelectric applications
DOI: 10.1038/nmat1334
[15] High-performance solution-processed polymer ferroelectric field-effect transistors
DOI: 10.1038/nmat1329
NATURE MEDICINE (http://www.nature.com/naturemedicine)
[16] The fibrin-derived peptide Bbeta15-42 protects the myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury
DOI: 10.1038/nm1198
[17] Contribution of bone marrow-derived endothelial cells to human tumor vasculature
DOI: 10.1038/nm1200
[18] G-CSF prevents cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction by activating Jak-Stat pathway in cardiomyocytes
DOI: 10.1038/nm1199
[19] Sequence-specific potent induction of IFN-alpha by short interfering RNA in plasmacytoid dendritic cells through TLR7
DOI: 10.1038/nm1191
[20] EIF2B5 mutations compromise GFAP+ astrocyte generation in vanishing white matter leukodystrophy
DOI: 10.1038/nm1195
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/naturebiotechnolgy)
[21] Generation of high-affinity human antibodies by combining donor-derived and synthetic complementarity-determining-region diversity
DOI: 10.1038/nbt1067
[22] Programmable ligand-controlled riboregulators of eukaryotic gene expression
DOI: 10.1038/nbt1069
[23] Directed evolution of human T-cell receptors with picomolar affinities by phage display
DOI: 10.1038/nbt1070
[24] Microfabricated arrays of femtoliter chambers allow single molecule enzymology
DOI: 10.1038/nbt1072
NATURE GENETICS (http://www.nature.com/naturegenetics)
[25] Transcription control reprogramming in genetic backup circuits
DOI: 10.1038/ng1523
[26] Global assessment of promoter methylation in a mouse model of cancer identifies ID4 as a putative tumor-suppressor gene in human leukemia
DOI: 10.1038/ng1521
[27] Nephrocystin-5, a ciliary IQ domain protein, is mutated in Senior-Loken syndrome and interacts with RPGR and calmodulin
DOI: 10.1038/ng1520
NATURE NEUROSCIENCE (http://www.nature.com/natureneuroscience)
[28] Restoration of spatial working memory by genetic rescue of GluR-A-deficient mice
DOI: 10.1038/nn1412
[29] Multiple periods of functional ocular dominance plasticity in mouse visual cortex
DOI: 10.1038/nn1410
[30] Hierarchical and asymmetric temporal sensitivity in human auditory cortices
DOI: 10.1038/nn1409
[31] Cytoplasmic domain structures of Kir2.1 and Kir3.1 show sites for modulating gating and rectification
DOI: 10.1038/nn1411
NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natureimmunology)
[32] Immune activation modulates hematopoiesis through interactions between CD27 and CD70
DOI: 10.1038/ni1174
NATURE STRUCTURAL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (http://www.nature.com/natstructmolbiol)
[33] SUMO modification of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2-25K
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb903
[34] Structural basis for Diels-Alder ribozyme-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond formation
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb906
[35] Structure and activity of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that charges tRNA with nitro-tryptophan
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb907
[36] The structure of a resuscitation-promoting factor domain from Mycobacterium tuberculosis shows homology to lysozymes
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb905
Nature Publishing Group Reference
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