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BrightSurf.com Science News Headlines May 2003

May 30, 2003
Helios prototype set for long-endurance flight demonstration: The solar-powered flying wing that set a world altitude record two years ago is poised for another milestone flight this summer - a long-endurance mission of almost two days and nights in the stratosphere.
Project pairs coal with fuel cells to create cleaner, more efficient power: Ohio University engineers are leading one of the first comprehensive efforts to examine how fuel cell technology could pave the way for cleaner coal-fired power plants.
Electron nanodiffraction technique offers atomic resolution imaging: A new imaging technique that uses electron diffraction waves to improve both image resolution and sensitivity to small structures has been developed. The technique works on the same principle as X-ray diffraction, but can record structure from a single nanostructure or macromolecule.
3-D map of local interstellar space shows sun lies in middle of hole piercing galactic plane: The first detailed map of space within about 1,000 light years of Earth places the solar system in the middle of a large hole that pierces the plane of the galaxy, perhaps left by an exploding star one or two million years ago.
New results force scientists to rethink single-molecule wires: Single-molecule switches have the potential to shrink computing circuits dramatically, but new results from the Arizona State University lab that first described how to wire a single molecule between gold contacts now show that laboratory-standard wired molecules have an unavoidable tendency to blink randomly.
'Virtual biopsy' - A new way to look at cancer: Scientists are using new imaging technology to help them perform virtual biopsies, – biological profiles of specific tumors that may help predict a patient's response to treatment and probability of long-term survival.

May 29, 2003
Born under the sun - UV light and the origin of life: Early evolution of life as we know it may have depended on DNA's ability to absorb UV light.
New technique narrows hunt for gamma-ray blazars: In the quest to peel back the mysteries of some of the most compelling physics in the cosmos, the enigmatic high-energy gamma-ray blazar - a jet spouting from a giant black hole - promises new insight into some astrophysical phenomena that, tantalizingly, seem to be just beyond the grasp of astronomers.
Drug design expert sets his group's sights on SARS: Three days after the genome for the virus that causes SARS was released, biologists at The Johns Hopkins University identified a protein made by the virus that may provide a good target for drug development.
Brookhaven Lab and Argonne Lab scientists invent a plasma valve: Scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory have received U.S. patent number 6,528,948 for a device that shuts off airflow into a vacuum about one million times faster than mechanical valves or shutters that are currently in use.
Study looks inside 'beating heart' of lasers: A new study offers the first-ever glimpse inside a laser while it's operating, a breakthrough that could lead to more powerful and efficient lasers for fibre-optic communication systems.
Ensuring reliability of trace explosive detectors: In an effort to enhance homeland security, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) chemists are developing new ways to see collections of micrometer-sized particles of explosive materials.

May 28, 2003
'Bacteria-eating' viruses may spread some infectious diseases: A strep-infected child in a daycare center plays with a toy, puts it in her mouth and crawls away. Another child plays with the same toy and comes down with strep.
Scientists use DNA fragments to trace the migration of modern humans: Human beings may have made their first journey out of Africa as recently as 70,000 years ago, according to a new study by geneticists from Stanford University and the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Major survey suggests finding intermediate-mass black holes will be a challenge: Using the NASA Chandra X-ray Observatory for the most comprehensive survey of X-ray sources in nearby galaxies, NASA scientists have shown that the brightest of these objects are otherwise indistinguishable from stellar-mass black holes and neutron stars.
Sleep disorder linked to common, serious heart rhythm problem: A heart rhythm disturbance that affects more than 2 million Americans is twice as likely to recur in patients with untreated sleep apnea, according to a Mayo Clinic study.
XMM-Newton satellite uncovers diffuse X-ray emission and the first accreting X-ray pulsar in Andromeda galaxy: In the most sensitive X-ray survey of our neighboring galaxy, Andromeda (M31), the X-ray Multi-Mirror satellite observatory (XMM-Newton) has uncovered hundreds of X-ray sources and provided new insights into the nature of the interstellar medium in the spiral arms of our own galaxy as well as those of Andromeda.
The seashell's inner beauty: There is more to mother-of-pearl than good looks. Also called nacre, the gleaming, white material is renowned in scientific circles for its strong, yet flexible, properties.
Hot gas around cold dust cloud surprises astronomers: Stargazers call a prominent dark black region in the Southern Hemisphere’s night sky the Coalsack.

May 27, 2003
Cholera protein structure--a target for vaccines & antibiotics: A group of researchers from The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) has solved structures of a bacterial protein called pilin, which is required for infection by pathogens that cause human diseases like meningitis, gonorrhea, diarrheal diseases, pneumonia, and cholera.
Astronomers find seven planet-forming disks, doubling total: A mammoth sky survey led by University of Florida astronomers has uncovered seven planet-forming disks in clusters of young stars, doubling the number of such disks discovered and expanding the territory that might yield new planets.
Just how many species are there, anyway?: One barrier to protecting biodiversity is that there are no good ways of figuring out how many species there are in large areas.
Tiny galaxies once roared in the universe: Astronomers have shown that a miniature galaxy less than one-hundredth the size of the Milky Way is ejecting large quantities of gas and energy into huge regions of intergalactic space.
Smallpox vaccine provides more protection than previously thought: Until now, it was widely accepted that smallpox vaccine protection lasted approximately three to five years. However, early study data shows that significant, partial protection may last many decades after inoculation
When is a metal not a metal?: The May 23 issue of the journal Science answers that question with an account of the surprising behavior exhibited by nanometer-scale clusters of the metal niobium. When the clusters are cooled to below 20 degrees Kelvin, electrical charges in them suddenly shift, creating structures known as dipoles.
First plant producing biodiesel: Bionor Transformación, S.A. has inaugurated the first plant in the Basque Country for the production of a biodiesel fuel, based on used vegetable oil and other renewable materials.
International Space Station Status Report: Four weeks into their mission, the two-man crew of the International Space Station has moved beyond an orientation and familiarization schedule and into an agenda of operations that reflects the range of activities they’ll pursue on orbit during the remaining five months of their flight.

May 23, 2003
First-time-ever snapshot released of Mother Earth from Mars: Have you ever wondered what you would see if you were on Mars looking at the Earth through a small telescope? Now you can find out, thanks to a unique view of our world recently captured by NASA's Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft currently orbiting the Red Planet.
Atkins diet shows surprising results, researcher says: Compared to a conventional, high-carbohydrate, low-calorie approach, Atkins dieters lost twice as much weight at 3 and 6 months.
Making sense of the genome: Almost every week we hear of a new genome sequence being completed, yet turning sequence information into knowledge about what individual genes do is very difficult.
Adirondack interstate underpasses designed for wildlife attract anything but, study says: According to a new study by the New York-based Wildlife Conservation Society, wildlife underpasses designed to keep wildlife off the New York Thruway are not working.
Three Gorges Dam is an opportunity for ecoscience: China's Three Gorges Dam, the largest dam project ever, has been seen by ecologists as an environmental disaster in the making.
Genetically modified crops not necessarily a threat to the environment: As concerns rise about the ecological impacts of genetically modified crops, a new Indiana University study urges a pragmatic approach to dealing with transgenes that escape from crop plants into the wild.

May 22, 2003
Marine researchers discover giant canyon off the coast of northwest Africa: Scientists from the made a sensational discovery during their latest expedition on board RV Meteor; off the coast of Mauritania they came across an enormous underwater canyon.
Study suggests mammoth evolutionary change: A study of a common wild mouse by two University of Illinois at Chicago biologists has found evidence of dramatic evolutionary change in a span of just 150 years, suggesting genetic evolution can occur a lot faster than many had thought possible.
Real-time detection of pathogens in the environment - How close are we?: Stopping outbreaks--whether caused by biological warfare or a salmonella-contaminated salad bar--would be much easier if we could quickly detect the pathogens in real time.
Frozen Light - Cool NASA research holds promise: NASA-funded research at Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., that literally stops light in its tracks, may someday lead to breakneck-speed computers that shelter enormous amounts of data from hackers.
Physicists measure individual electrons in real time: Physicists have completed the first real-time measurement of individual electrons, creating an experimental method that for the first time allows scientists to probe the dynamic interactions between the smallest atomic particles.
The mysterious Garden-sprinkler nebula: There are many mysterious objects seen in the night sky which are not really well understood. For example, astronomers are puzzled by the jets emerging from planetary nebulae.
Green tea boosts antimicrobial properties of toothpaste: Studies conducted at Pace University have indicated that green tea extracts (GTE) and polyphenol (PP) have an adverse effect on bacteria that cause strep throat, dental caries, and other infections.

May 21, 2003
Newly-discovered star may be third-closest: The local celestial neighborhood just got more crowded with a discovery of a star that may be the third closest to the Sun. The star, SO25300.5+165258, is a faint red dwarf star estimated to be about 7.8 light-years from Earth in the direction of the constellation Aries.
Michigan solar car ready to shine: On Friday, May 23, the University of Michigan (U-M) Solar Car Team will unveil its new design for a solar-powered vehicle.
Researchers expect big things from nanostructures: Arrays of nanofibers able to deliver genetic material to cells quickly and efficiently have researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory excited about potential applications for drug delivery, gene therapy, crop engineering and environmental monitoring.
Mars Express Ð Ambitious goals for the first European mission to Mars: Mars Express has been designed to perform the most thorough exploration ever of the Red Planet. It has the ambitious aim of not only searching for water, but also understanding the ‘behaviour’ of the planet as a whole.
Bacteria convert food processing waste to hydrogen: Environmental engineers estimate, based on tests with wastewater from small Pennsylvania food processors, that typical large food manufacturers could use their starch-rich wastewater to produce hydrogen gas worth close to $5 million or more each year.
Scientists discover four new kingdoms of life: Researchers have discovered four new kingdoms of life in the high alpine environment of Colorado, findings that have potential applications in the fields of agriculture and global change.
Cluster solved an auroral puzzle: ESA’s four Cluster spacecraft have made a remarkable set of observations that has led to a breakthrough in understanding the origin of a peculiar and puzzling type of aurora.

May 20, 2003
New climate model predicts greater 21st century warming: For the first time, scientists have incorporated multiple human and natural factors into a climate projection model.
Cleaning up contaminated soil, groundwater: In the same way dishwashing detergents clean greasy dishes, scientists are using detergent-like surfactants to clean contaminated regions underground.
Methods to improve vaccinations for smallpox and other infectious diseases: Researchers are studying new methods to dramatically increase the number of people who can receive vaccinations against smallpox and other deadly diseases.
Research recreates ancient Roman virtual reality with 21st century 3-D: The remains of Pompeii’s ancient villas show that the Romans decorated their villas with extravagant wall paintings of theatre scenes that used tricks of perspective to impress guests with what seemed at the time an early version of virtual reality.
Scientists predict swift end to vCJD epidemic: As few as 40 people over the next 80 years could die from variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) as a consequence of eating BSE infected meat.
Linezolid improves survival rate in patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia: A study comparing two drugs regularly used to treat a common type of drug-resistant hospital-acquired pneumonia found that patients taking linezolid were twice as likely to survive as those taking vancomycin.

May 19, 2003
Researchers discover common cause for aging and age-related disease: Why do serious diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and Huntington's mainly hit us in middle age or later? The links between aging and age-related diseases have proved elusive.
Getting through the matrix: The best cancer drugs in the world are not much good if they cannot get to tumor cells.
Chemists create unusual lariat RNA, a key intermediate in biological splicing: The production of lariat RNAs is a key step in the biologically important process of splicing.
Researchers discover important genetic flaw in family affected by schizophrenia: Researchers at the University of Alberta have discovered a genetic flaw in a family suffering with schizophrenia that may help to explain an important biochemical process implicated in the onset of the disease.
Combined effect of proteins saves lives in cases of pneumonia: An effective host defence to the most prevalent form of pneumonia is only obtained if two proteins combine their forces.
Diamond layer makes steel rock hard: Dutch chemist Ivan Buijnsters from the University of Nijmegen has successfully produced a diamond layer on a steel substrate. This opens up the possibility of wear-resistant tools.
Math discovery may aid resource management: With the aid of a chance discovery by a graduate student, scientists from Oregon State University have identified, dusted off and found a new use for an old math theory from the early 1800s that could revolutionize the management of lands, protection of species and study of ecology.

May 16, 2003
Ancient civilisation discovered in the Nicaraguan jungle: A team of archaeologists have found strong archaeological evidence for the existence of a previously unknown prehistoric civilisation in the jungle on the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua.
Scientists dust off desert sands from the French Alps: NASA funded scientists, using an atmospheric computer model, proved for the first time dust from China's TaklaMakan desert traveled more than 12,400 miles (20,000 kilometers) over two weeks and landed on the French Alps.
Brighter Neptune suggests a planetary change of seasons: A progressive increase in the brightness of the planet Neptune suggests that, like Earth, the distant planet has seasons.
Volcanic research may enhance shuttle gas detection system: A research and development team from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) recently used a new hazardous gas detection system to study volcanic emissions in Costa Rica.
No detectable risk from mercury in seafood, study shows: An exhaustive study of 643 children from before birth to 9 years of age shows no detectable risk from the low levels of mercury their mothers were exposed to from eating ocean seafood.
Study finds new clues to the fate of smog in Sierra Nevada forests: Most scientists believe that when smog ozone is taken up by the forests of the Sierra Nevada, it is mostly absorbed by trees and plants.
Studying real-time seismic activity: A serendipitous discovery by a University of Colorado at Boulder-led team has shown for the first time that satellite signals from the Global Positioning System are a valuable new tool for studying seismic activity.

May 15, 2003
World's smallest seahorse discovered: Adults of the new species, a pygmy seahorse known as Hippocampus denise, are typically just 16 mm long -- smaller than most fingernails.
Gold nanoparticles and catalytic DNA produce colormetric lead sensor: Detecting the presence of hazardous lead paint could become as simple as pressing a piece of paper against a wall and noting a color change.
Bone marrow stem cells may one day help treat damaged livers: Research suggests that stem cells from bone marrow or umbilical cord blood may be useful for treating people with liver damage due to cirrhosis, viral infection, trauma, chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Astronomers map the hidden Universe: Astronomers from Cardiff University are completing the first survey ever for cosmic hydrogen, the primeval gas which emerged from the Big Bang to form all the stars and galaxies we can see today.
Only 10% of all large fish are left in global ocean: 90% of all large fish including tuna, marlin, swordfish, sharks, cod and halibut are gone - leading scientists say need to attempt restoration on a global scale is urgent
Unique NASA satellite watches rainfall from space: Your local weather forecaster uses Doppler radar systems, covering U.S. regions, to estimate rainfall and flooding, but NASA research satellites can see rainfall worldwide.
Study finds portion of population resistant to infectious Norwalk virus: Noroviruses, which have been especially problematic in the cruise industry in recent years, cause digestive tract infection or irritation resulting in an estimated 23 million infections, 50,000 hospitalizations and 300 deaths nationwide each year.

May 14, 2003
Africa's richest wildlife region under new threats: Stretching through six countries of Eastern Africa, the Albertine Rift contains more than 7,500 species of mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and plants--only the tip of the iceberg for the area's total biodiversity.
Study at Mt. Everest finds acetaminophen as effective as ibuprofen for high-altitude headache: In a study conducted near the Mt. Everest Base Camp in Nepal, a Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) resident physician and his colleagues have found that acetaminophen is as effective as ibuprofen in treating high-altitude headache.
What happens to the brain in space?: NASA released a new book that shows the complex and sometimes surprising changes in the brain and nervous system that allow astronauts to adapt to weightlessness.
Scientists image soft tissues with new x-ray technique: Scientists have demonstrated the effectiveness of a novel x-ray imaging technology to visualize soft tissues of the human foot that are not visible with conventional x-rays.
Researchers develop techniques for computing Google-style Web rankings up to five times faster: Computer science researchers have developed several new techniques that together may make it possible to calculate Web page rankings as used in the Google search engine up to five times faster.
Soot has impact on global climate: A team of researchers found airborne, microscopic, black-carbon (soot) particles are even more plentiful around the world, and contribute more to climate change, than was previously assumed.
International Space Station Status Report: Expedition 7 Commander Yuri Malenchenko and NASA ISS Science Officer Ed Lu are wrapping up their first week of independent operations aboard the International Space Station after departure of their Expedition 6 predecessors on May 3.

May 7-13, 2003
Exposed upper Colorado River delta is rapidly eroding into Lake Powell: The drought that has reduced Lake Powell to half of its full pool capacity also has exposed the 30-mile length of the upper Colorado River delta, and that delta is eroding rapidly into Lake Powell toward Glen Canyon Dam.
Deepest view of space yields young stars in Andromeda halo: Relying on the deepest visible-light images ever taken in space, astronomers using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope (HST) have reliably measured the age of the spherical halo of stars surrounding the neighboring Andromeda galaxy (M31).
Site of 17th-century Indian chief Powhatan's principal village: Archaeologists have identified the location of a 17th-century American Indian settlement on Virginia's York River that may represent the village of Werowocomoco.
Galaxy Evolution Explorer Mission Status: NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer successfully opened its telescope cover May 6th, 2003 at 4:32 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time (1:32 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time).
Uncertainties in satellite data hamper detection of global warming: Using a new analysis of satellite temperature measurements, scientists have determined that uncertainties in satellite data are a significant factor in studies attempting to detect human effects on climate.
Diagnostic method tests integrity of composite military materials: Just as a spider strums specific fibers of its web and listens for returning signals to detect prey, a technique developed at Purdue University uses vibrations to pinpoint damage in composite materials for future military vehicles.
Molecular biologists discover where genetic instructions go to die: Living cells have molecular paper shredders that purge outdated genetic instructions.

May 6, 2003
A solar mini-eclipse on May 7, 2003: On May 7, 2003, Mercury, the innermost planet in the solar system, will pass in front of the Sun and produce a solar eclipse.
Imaging technique may help in confirming, monitoring treatment of malignant brain tumors: In what is believed to be a first-of-its-kind study, Johns Hopkins researchers have used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure sodium concentrations in the cells of malignant brain tumors.
Growing world urban populations threatened by massive earthquakes: A new study by a University of Colorado at Boulder geological sciences professor suggests one earthquake causing up to 1 million fatalities on Earth each century could occur unless more earthquake-resistant construction materials are implemented.
Scientists to probe giant storm clusters across midwest: From the air and the ground, scientists this spring and summer will examine some of the world's largest thunderstorm complexes, behemoths that can spread hurricane-force wind and torrential rain for hundreds of miles across the U.S. Midwest.
Adding fatty acids to formula milk may cut heart disease in later lifes: Adding long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to infant formula milk is associated with lower blood pressure later in childhood, and may cut the risk of heart disease in adult life.
Smaller ultrasound-guided biopsy needle is safe, effective, way to biopsy suspected breast cancer: A 14-gauge tru-cut needle biopsy, guided by real-time ultrasound, offers an easy, inexpensive, and fast way to accurately biopsy suspected breast cancer, a new study shows.
Molecular defect may lead to osteoporosis: A defect in a molecule linked to bone stem cells may contribute to the development of age-related osteoporosis.

May 5, 2003
Mercury shows its dark side: During the morning of 7 May 2003, the planet Mercury will slip across the face of the Sun in a rare event, known as a transit.
Anthrax - A soil bug gone bad: Scientists at The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) and collaborators have deciphered the genome of the notorious Ames strain of the bacterium that causes anthrax, Bacillus anthracis.
Study on worldÕs oldest monkeys may explain age-related mental decline: Scientists may have discovered why the brain’s higher information-processing center slows down in old age, affecting everything from language, to vision, to motor skills.
Seal pups recognize mother's voices within days of birth: Seal pups can recognize their mother's distinct vocal call within two days of birth says a University of Alberta researcher--a finding essential to the pups' care and survival.
Soy extract reduces PSA levels in men with untreated prostate cancer: A dietary supplement containing genistein, a soy extract, reduced PSA levels by as much as 61 percent in a group of prostate cancer patients undergoing watchful waiting for their disease.
Demand for wood may lead to forest growth, not decline, study says: Increased demand for forest products was a cause of increased forest cover in India during the last three decades. The finding contradicts the idea that economic development inevitably leads to deforestation.
Researchers find new piece of cell growth puzzle: Spurred by the discovery of a cellular pathway that helps switch cell growth on and off, new research links growth to a cell's ability to sense nutrients in its environment.
International Space Station Status Report: The Expedition 6 crew touched down in northern Kazakhstan in its Soyuz spacecraft at 9:07 p.m. CDT Saturday, after an undocking from the International Space Station.

May 2, 2003
First peer-reviewed SARS genome sequence appears in Science: The first peer-reviewed studies of the genomic sequences of two SARS virus strains are being released today by the journal Science, published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
Researchers discover how HIV rapidly infects immune cells: Solving a longstanding scientific puzzle, researchers have not only discovered how the body's first line of defense against dangerous microbes inadvertently helps HIV rapidly infect the human immune system.
Earthquake alarm system may ease risk for southern Californians: Capitalizing on the low-energy waves that invariably precede major earthquakes, scientists have designed and demonstrated the feasibility of an early-warning system that promises southern Californians as much as 40 seconds of advanced notice of major temblors.
NASA discovers a soggy secret of El Ni–o: When scientists identified rain patterns in the Pacific Ocean, they discovered the secret of how El Niño moves rainfall around the globe during the life of these periodic climate events when waters warm in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Destination Deadhorse...and beyond: In late March, the U.S. Navy established a camp on a severe and unforgivingly cold stretch of ice about 150 miles north of Deadhorse, Alaska.
New look at satellite data supports global warming trend: A new analysis of satellite data collected since the late 1970s from the lowest few miles of the atmosphere indicates a global temperature rise of about one-third of a degree Fahrenheit between 1979 and 1999.
Diamonds have oceanic origin: More than just symbols of wealth and beauty, diamonds are a testament to the history of the earth.
New target for insulin found in the heart: Scientists at Bristol University have found evidence for a new protein in the heart that could one day aid development of new drugs to regulate the heart.

May 1, 2003
MIT lab works to mimic spider silk: As a fiber, spider silk is so desirable that scientists have spent decades trying to find a way to mimic it. A team at MIT has been tackling the problem from two directions.
Borrowing from Ebola virus could aid cystic fibrosis gene therapy: Investigators found that taking a small part of the protein coat from the Ebola virus and putting it on another modified virus creates a hybrid vehicle that can attach itself to a receptor on the top surface, or airway side, of lung cells.
Researchers discover effective method for killing prostate cancer cells: By blocking a protein key to prostate cancer cell growth, researchers have discovered a way to trigger extensive prostate cancer cell death.
Anthrax genome decoded: The complete genetic blueprint of Bacillus anthracis -- the microbe that gained notoriety during the 2001 anthrax mail attacks -- is now known, researchers announced.
New NASA data help take "whether" out of weather prediction: Your weatherperson's job just got a little easier, thanks to new data available from advanced weather instruments aboard NASA's Aqua satellite.
Monitoring of blood flow to the brain could prevent brain damage: Engineers believe that monitoring blood flow to the brains of head injury patients could potentially reduce the incidence of brain damage and long-term disability, and are developing methods of using ultrasound to do this.
Mouse research sheds new light on human genetic diseases: A team of researchers has announced important findings about the causes of three human diseases: severe, juvenile-onset diabetes; osteoporosis; and Wolcott-Rallison Syndrome.

[ April 2003 News Archive ]
 
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