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BrightSurf.com Science News Headlines November 2003

November 26, 2003
Marine scientists discover nutrient pollution boosts fungi, bacteria killing Caribbean reefs: In the Caribbean Sea, coral reefs -- those gorgeous, eye-popping, fish-nourishing, ship-scraping biological wonders that are among the region's crown jewels -- continue to die rapidly, a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill biologist says. Their future looks bleak.
Scientists discover how brain draws and re-draws picture of world: Children usually spill if trying to drink from a full cup, but adults rarely do. How we learn to almost automatically complete complex movements -- like how to lift a cup and tip it so the liquid is right at the edge when we're ready to drink -- is one of our brain's mysterious abilities.
Global halt to major greenhouse gas growth: The greenhouse gas, methane, has stopped growing in the global background atmosphere and could begin to decrease, CSIRO researchers announced today.
Ecstasy can trigger heart attacks in users: The illegal drug MDMA (Methylene 3, 4 dioxy-methamphetamine) more commonly known as 'Ecstasy' or 'XTC,' can trigger heart attacks, according to a case report in the December issue of Annals of Emergency Medicine.
Researchers reveal early steps in clone development: Despite widely publicized reports about the sheep, Dolly and Polly, cloning is still not considered successful in the scientific community. Only two percent of clones succeed and they are sometimes unhealthy.
Nanotech instruments allow first direct observations of RNA 'proofreading': When Ralph Waldo Emerson said that nature pardons no mistakes, he wasn't thinking about RNA polymerase (RNAP) - the versatile enzyme that copies genes from DNA onto strands of RNA, which then serve as templates for all of the proteins that make life possible.

November 25, 2003
Global wetlands surveyed from space: Dotted across varied regions of our planet are the waterlogged landscapes known as wetlands. Often inaccessible, these muddy areas are actually treasure houses of ecological diversity - their overall value measured in trillions of Euros.
Endangered species listings may backfire: New research confirms fears that Endangered Species Act listings do not necessarily help - and may even harm - rare species on private lands.
Brain activity abnormal in children with delayed speech: Children with unusually delayed speech tend to listen with the right side of the brain rather than the left side of the brain.
Mars landers create opportunity for Web-linked sundials around the world: Sullivan, a University of Washington astronomy professor, is teaming up with television personality Bill Nye, 'the science guy,' and The Planetary Society on EarthDial, a project to get schools, community organizations and individuals around the world to build their own sundials and display them on the Internet using 24-hour webcams.
Tracking the illegal ivory trade: Despite the international ban on selling African elephant ivory, poaching is still widespread. Law enforcers may soon have a new tool for cracking down on elephant poachers: a genetic analysis of ivory can help show which part of Africa it came from.
Does shade coffee help or hinder conservation?: While shade coffee is promoted as protecting tropical forests and birds, conservationists are split on whether it actually works.

November 24, 2003
SOHO tracks recent stormy regions on Sun's far side as they turn for second shot at Earth: Scientists using the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft have been able to monitor the activity of the recent powerful solar magnetic active regions that were hidden on the far side of the Sun as they rotated with the Sun to face the Earth again.
Scientists design a new transistor: When amazing new computers and other electronic devices emerge, they will have been conceived and incubated in university laboratories like that of Dr. Chris Gorman, professor of chemistry at North Carolina State University. There, the scientist and his multidisciplinary team are working to build, molecule by molecule, a nanoscale transistor.
Radio waves help see moisture inside walls: Building researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have joined forces with Intelligent Automation Inc. in Rockville, Md., to develop a way to use ultra wide-band radio waves to non-destructively detect moisture within the walls of a building.
X-ray inspection may meet computer chip-making need: A decades-old, X-ray-based method for studying the atomic structure of materials may be the answer to a looming semiconductor industry need--a rugged, high-throughput technology for measuring dimensions of chip circuitry packed with devices approaching molecular proportions.
Edible urban plants found to contain lead: Chicago has one of the highest rates of lead poisoning in the United States, an extremely persistent health problem that particularly plagues urban areas. Now a new study by Northwestern University researchers shows that edible plants grown in urban gardens could contain potentially hazardous amounts of lead.
International Space Station Status Report: The eighth permanent crew to live on the International Space Station completed its first month aboard the complex this week, a week that saw the 16 nations that participate in the Station program celebrate the fifth anniversary of its launch.

November 21, 2003
NASA successfully tests ion engine: NASA's Project Prometheus recently reached an important milestone with the first successful test of an engine that could lead to revolutionary propulsion capabilities for space exploration missions throughout the solar system and beyond.
1700 Japan tsunami linked to massive North American quake: Guided by Japanese writings from an era of shoguns, an international team of scientists today reported new evidence that an earthquake of magnitude 9 struck the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada three centuries ago.
Researchers create Bose-Einstein 'super molecule': A super-cold collection of molecules behaving in perfect unison has been created for the first time from a sea of 'ermion' atoms by researchers at JILA, a joint institute of the Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Colorado at Boulder (CU-Boulder).
Evidence says EarthÍs greatest extinction caused by ancient meteorite: Long before the dinosaurs ever lived, the planet experienced a mass extinction so severe it killed 90 percent of life on Earth, and researchers at the University of Rochester think they've identified the unlikely culprit.
New technology will speed genome sequencing: Almost 150 different genomes have been sequenced to date, including the human genome. But sequencing needs are growing faster than ever: In March 2003, the Bush administration announced it will spend $1 billion over five years to increase forensic analysis of DNA, including a backlog of up to 300,000 samples.
Tree root life controls CO2 absorption: A new study, published today in Science, indicates that the potential for soils to soak up atmospheric carbon dioxide is strongly affected by how long roots live.

November 20, 2003
International Space Station marks five years in orbit: The International Space Station reaches the historic five years in space milestone on November 20, 2003. The unique orbiting laboratory complex has grown from a lone, uninhabited module into a permanently staffed, house-sized research facility.
Volcanic eruptions may affect El Niĝo onset: A new study by scientists at the University of Virginia (UVa) in Charlottesville and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado, suggests that explosive volcanic eruptions in the tropics may increase the probability of an El Niño event occurring during the winter following the eruption.
Focus on solar outbursts: While scientists and aurora spotters marvel at the explosions on the Sun, everyone responsible for the hundreds of satellites that serve human needs, from weather observations to car navigation, wishes that these potentially damaging events were more predictable.
Climate events linked to reproduction of one of the most endangered marine mammals: The highly endangered North Atlantic right whale population is facing a difficult journey to recovery. That recovery may become even more precarious if North Atlantic climate takes a turn for the worse, according to Cornell University ecologists.
Lewis and Clark notes reveal history of human impacts: Native Americans had a major impact on the wildlife of the American West for hundreds of years prior to European settlement, a report from Oregon State University indicates, based on data from one of the most accurate surveys of its time - the journals of Lewis and Clark.
SARS death rate doubles in polluted cities: A new study led by researchers at the UCLA School of Public Health associates air pollution with an increased risk of dying from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS.

November 19, 2003
Most distant x-ray jet yet discovered provides clues to big bang: The most distant jet ever observed was discovered in an image of a quasar made by NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. Extending more than 100,000 light-years from the supermassive black hole powering the quasar, the jet of high-energy particles provides astronomers with information about the intensity of the cosmic microwave background radiation 12 billion years ago.
A new Cornell 'nanoguitar,' played by a laser, offers promise of applications in electronics and sensing: Six years ago Cornell University researchers built the world's smallest guitar -- about the size of a red blood cell -- to demonstrate the possibility of manufacturing tiny mechanical devices using techniques originally designed for building microelectronic circuits.
Formation of lava bubbles offers new insight into seafloor formation: Scientists studying the formation of the sea floor thousands of feet below the surface have a new theory for why there are so many holes and collapsed pits on the ocean bottom. In a recent article in the journal Nature, the researchers say the holes and pits of various sizes are probably formed by lava erupting onto the seafloor so quickly it traps water beneath it, forming bubbles of steam that eventually collapse as the water cools.
Researchers achieve breakthrough in development of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes: Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories developing ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) recently demonstrated two deep UV semiconductor optical devices that set records for wavelength/power output.
MIT team mines for new materials with a computer: A computational technique used to predict everything from books that a given customer might like to the function of an unknown protein is now being applied by MIT engineers and colleagues to the search for new materials.
International Space Station Status Report: The Expedition 8 crew of the International Space Station wound up its week with a busy Friday, getting ready for next week's practice session for a possible February spacewalk.

November 17, 2003
By the year 2050, human population could add 2.6 billion people: It took from the beginning of time until 1950 to put the first 2.5 billion people on the planet. Yet in the next half-century, an increase that exceeds the total population of the world in 1950 will occur.
New investigational vaccine to prevent hepatitis C tested for first time in humans: With an estimated 170 million people around the world already infected with hepatitis C, Saint Louis University is testing, for the first time in humans, an investigational vaccine that researchers hope will prevent infection with the virus.
Genes control severity of heart failure: By screening the genomes of mice with heart failure, Duke University Medical Center researchers have discovered multiple stretches of DNA containing genes that modify the heart's pumping ability and survival with the disease.
New program interrogates gene pathways: Any criminologist will tell you that witnesses, even the best intentioned, don't always get it right. Confusion, trauma -- even a smattering of white lies -- inevitably distort the story to some degree, requiring multiple witnesses to corroborate each other's testimonies.
Better brain imaging helps surgeons avoid damage to language functions: Advances in neurosurgery have opened the operating room door for an amazing array of highly invasive forms of brain surgery, but doctors and patients still face an incredibly important decision - whether to operate when life-saving surgery could irrevocably damage a patient's ability to speak, read or even comprehend a simple conversation.
Mantis shrimp fluoresce to enhance signaling in the dim ocean depths: The tropical mantis shrimp has the most sophisticated eyes of any creature on the planet, yet it often lives at murky depths where the only light is a filtered, dim blue. Why does it need such complex vision?

November 14, 2003
Delta-like fan on Mars suggests ancient rivers were persistent: Newly seen details in a fan-shaped apron of debris on Mars may help settle a decades-long debate about whether the planet had long-lasting rivers instead of just brief, intense floods.
Discovery could lead to new ways to create nano-fibers and wires: A research team led by engineers at Purdue University and physicists at the University of Chicago has made a discovery about the formation of drops that could lead to new methods for making threads, wires and particles only a few nanometers wide.
Some large Pacific Northwest quakes could be limited in size by their location: Large, deep earthquakes have shaken the central Puget Sound region several times in the last century, and nerves have been rattled even more often by less-powerful deep quakes.
Climate models predict wetter winters, warmer summers in the West: When you turn on the television news for the latest weather report, usually a week-long forecast is given. But what if you could learn what to expect in the coming decades?
Technique may identify novel disease genes at a faster clip: Researchers have used ultraviolet light to 'weld' a key regulatory protein to its RNA targets, creating a new tool that can be used to identify novel proteins involved in a variety of human diseases.
200 years later, geologist re-orients Lewis and Clark's compass readings: Virtual explorer Robert Criss, Ph.D., professor of earth and planetary sciences in Arts & Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, has teamed up with Lewis and Clark to provide the oldest determinations of the magnetic declination of America's interior.

November 13, 2003
New memory device could offer smaller, simpler way to archive data: Engineers at Princeton University and Hewlett-Packard have invented a combination of materials that could lead to cheap and super-compact electronic memory devices for archiving digital images or other data.
Not-yet-turned-on star is forming Jupiter like planet: University of Arizona astronomers have used a new technique called nulling interferometry to probe a dust disk around a young nearby star for the first time.
Research sheds new light on process of evolution: For more than a century, scientists have concluded that a species evolves or adapts by going through an infinite number of small genetic changes over a long period of time.
ESAÍs first step towards Mars Sample Return: What is the next best thing to humans landing on Mars and exploring the wonders of the Red Planet? The answer: touching, imaging and analysing carefully preserved samples of Martian rock in a state-of-the-art laboratory on Earth.
Transparent fish provide window on blood formation and marrow transplantation: Researchers have developed powerful new techniques to see in unprecedented detail how blood-forming cells develop in zebrafish.
Observing a burst with sunglasses: 'Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)' are certainly amongst the most dramatic events known in astrophysics. These short flashes of energetic gamma-rays, first detected in the late 1960's by military satellites, last from less than one second to several minutes.

November 12, 2003
Thermal superconductivity in carbon nanotubes not so 'super' when added to certain materials: Superb conductors of heat and infinitesimal in size, carbon nanotubes might be used to prevent overheating in next-generation computing devices or as fillers to enhance thermal conductivity of insulating materials, such as durable plastics or engine oil.
Arctic and Antarctic sea ice marching to different drivers: A 30-year satellite record of sea ice in the two polar regions reveals that while the Northern Hemisphere Arctic ice has melted, Southern Hemisphere Antarctic ice has actually increased in more recent years.
ESA's new view of the Milky Way - in gamma rays!: ESA's gamma-ray observatory Integral is making excellent progress, mapping the Galaxy at key gamma-ray wavelengths.
Neutron detector under development to monitor spacecraft radiation: It’s no secret that radiation is a great danger to astronauts. Most of the research to date concerns the effects of galactic cosmic rays, but what happens to those particles when they pass into a spacecraft?
Air pollution, even at 'safe' levels, is bad for the heart: Urban air pollution is linked to increased rates of death from cardiovascular disease, according to a study presented today at the American Heart Association's Scientific Sessions 2003.
Vaccines against fatal African cattle fever: Research carried out in the Netherlands has led to the development of two new vaccines against East Coast Fever.

November 11, 2003
Ancient Maya stone altar recovered in Guatemala: An unprecedented collaboration of archeologists, Maya villagers and Guatemalan authorities has resulted in the recovery of a magnificent Maya altar stone that was carved in 796 AD and sheds new light on the collapse of the classic Maya civilization.
UCLA researchers find gingko biloba may help improve memory: Researchers at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute found significant improvement in verbal recall among a group of people with age-associated memory impairment who took the herbal supplement ginkgo biloba for six months when compared with a group that received a placebo.
Mars-like Atacama Desert could explain Viking 'No Life' Result: A team of scientists from NASA, the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Louisiana State University and several other research organizations has discovered clues from one of Earth's driest deserts about the limits of life on Earth, and why past missions to Mars may have failed to detect life.
Daily vitamins could prevent vision loss among thousands: If every American at risk for advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) took daily supplements of antioxidant vitamins and zinc, more than 300,000 people could avoid AMD-associated vision loss over the next five years.
Scientists find brain areas affected by lack of sleep: Lack of sleep can affect an individual's memory, ability to perform simple daily tasks, and attention span. Recent studies that help decipher the basic mechanism of sleep may help in the development of drugs that reduce the need for sleep in military combat or other circumstances.
Immune memory from smallpox vaccination lasts more 50 years: Immune memory after smallpox vaccination persists for at least 50 years in immunized individuals, according to research conducted by scientists at the Emory Vaccine Center and Emory University School of Medicine.

November 10, 2003
Several commonly used pesticides are toxic to mitochondria in laboratory experiments: Scientists at Emory University School of Medicine have found in laboratory experiments that several commonly used pesticides are just as toxic or even more toxic to the mitochondria of cells than the pesticide rotenone, which already has been implicated in the development of Parkinson's disease.
Illinois researchers create world's fastest transistor -- again: Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have broken their own record for the world's fastest transistor.
The biggest solar X-ray flare ever is classified as X28: It has been announced that the massive solar X-ray flare which occurred on 4 November was, at best estimate, an X28. There is still a small chance this will be revised by a small amount, but it is now official: We have a new number 1 X-ray flare for the record books, the most powerful in recorded observational history.
'Dark matter' forms dense clumps in ghost universe: The 'dark matter' that comprises a still-undetected one-quarter of the universe is not a uniform cosmic fog, says a University of California, Berkeley, astrophysicist, but instead forms dense clumps that move about like dust motes dancing in a shaft of light.
New findings help predict soil production and erosion: Two Dartmouth researchers have quantified the chemical weathering rates of bedrock at three sites around the world.
International Space Station Status Report: The Expedition 8 crew settled into life aboard the International Space Station this week, squaring away their new home in orbit and beginning work with several different experiments.

November 7, 2003
Warming waters identified as cause of marine life depletions off California: Researchers at Harvard University have demonstrated for the first time that they can easily apply a film of tiny, high-performance silicon nanowires to glass and plastic, a development that could pave the way for the next generation of cheaper, lighter and more powerful consumer electronics.
Nanowire film brings cheaper, faster electronics a step closer: Researchers at Harvard University have demonstrated for the first time that they can easily apply a film of tiny, high-performance silicon nanowires to glass and plastic, a development that could pave the way for the next generation of cheaper, lighter and more powerful consumer electronics.
Ice cores may yeild clues to 5,000-year-old mystery: The latest expeditions to ice caps in the high, tropical Peruvian Andes Mountains by Ohio State University scientists may shed light on a mysterious global climate change they believe occurred more than 5,000 years ago.
Volcanic mysteries unraveled underwater: Almost all of the active volcanoes on Earth lie beneath miles of seawater at mid-ocean ridges, creating the long chain of volcanic mountains that encircles the Earth like the seam of a baseball.
New TB vaccine shows promise in HIV infection: An innovative vaccine against tuberculosis has shown promise in persons with HIV, researchers from Dartmouth Medical School and the National Public Health Institute of Finland report in the Nov. 7 issue of the journal AIDS.
Scripps scientists link ozone to atherosclerosis: A team of investigators led by The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) President Richard A. Lerner, M.D., and TSRI Associate Professor Paul Wentworth, Jr., Ph.D., are reporting evidence for the production of ozone in fatty atherosclerotic plaques taken from diseased arteries.

November 6, 2003
Hot cocoa tops red wine and tea in antioxidants; may be healthier choice: There's sweet news about hot cocoa: Researchers at Cornell University have shown that the popular winter beverage contains more antioxidants per cup than a similar serving of red wine or tea and may be a healthier choice.
Voyager approaching solar system's final frontier: NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft is about to make history again. It is the first spacecraft to enter the solar system's final frontier, a vast expanse where wind from the sun blows hot against thin gas between the stars: interstellar space.
Gender differences in brain response to pain: A new UCLA study shows that different parts of the brain are stimulated in reaction to pain depending on gender.
Explanation offered for Antarctica's Blood Falls: Researchers here have discovered that a reddish deposit seeping out from the face of a glacier in Antarcticas remote Taylor Valley is probably the last remnant of an ancient salt-water lake.
Unique molecular structure offers insight into nanoscale self-assembly, solution chemistry: Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory and the University of Bielefeld, Germany, have discovered a new type of hollow spherical vesicles formed by large-scale, wheel-shaped inorganic molecules.
Canadian discovery promises treatment for HIV dementia: Millions of HIV patients who suffer from dementia now have hope of a treatment, thanks to a breakthrough discovery by Canadian researchers.

November 5, 2003
Molecular electronic device shows promise: Thanks to a team of materials scientists at Northwestern University, molecular electronics may be one step closer to reality.
World's most alkaline life forms found near Chicago: Sometimes the most extreme environment for life isn't at the bottom of the ocean or inside a volcano. It's just south of Chicago.
Metal nano-bumps could improve artificial body parts: Biomedical engineers at Purdue University have proven that bone cells attach better to metals with nanometer-scale surface features, offering hope for improved prosthetic hips, knees and other implants.
Extraterrestrial enigma - missing amino acids in meteorites: Amino acids have been found in interstellar clouds and in meteorites - but with some enigmatic omissions and tantalizing similarities to life on Earth.
La Niĝa influences Amazon flooding: Work recently published in Nature announces a significant correlation between sediment deposition in two Bolivian rivers, which flow into one of the principal tributaries of the Amazon, and climatic events of the ENSO (El Niĝo Southern Oscillation) type.
Direct link found between chronic inflammation, colon cancer: Investigators in the A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Research Center at Vanderbilt have identified a type of DNA damage caused by chronic inflammation as a potential risk factor for colorectal cancer.

November 4, 2003
Astronomers find nearest galaxy to Milky Way: An international team of astronomers from France, Italy, the UK and Australia has found a previously unknown galaxy colliding with our own Milky Way. This newly-discovered galaxy takes the record for the nearest galaxy to the centre of the Milky Way.
Sky-high icebergs carried boulders from the Rockies to south-central Washington: Geologists have uncovered a scene in the Pasco Basin west of the Columbia River that shows how boulders piggybacked icebergs from what is now Montana and came to rest at elevations as high as 1,200 feet.
Sand ripples taller on Mars: Mars is kind of like Texas - things are just bigger there. In addition to the biggest canyon and biggest volcano in the solar system, Mars has now been found to have sand ripples twice as tall as they would be on Earth.
Drug improves brain structure in Alzheimer's patients: Researchers at Duke University Medical Center have determined that a medication commonly prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) appears to cause physical improvements in the hippocampus and other brain regions of patients with the disease.
Treating blood clots, a half-century later: The first new oral drug in 50 years to prevent blood clots after knee-replacement surgery was superior to the standard treatment in a clinical trial of about 2,300 patients led by the University of Rochester Medical Center.
Ultra-low oxygen could have triggered die-offs, spurred bird breathing system: Recent evidence suggests that oxygen levels were suppressed worldwide 175 million to 275 million years ago and fell to precipitously low levels compared with today's atmosphere, low enough to make breathing the air at sea level feel like respiration at high altitude.

November 3, 2003
Colorado cave yields million-year-old record of evolution and climate change: For at least a million years, owls throughout the West have been snapping up sagebrush voles and reducing them to gray pellets of fur, bones and teeth littering the foot of the roost.
Researchers home in on obesity gene and offer explanation for overeating: An international team of researchers has identified the role of a gene which may explain why some people overeat and become obese.
NASA exploring potential of small UAVs for earth studies: NASA is exploring the potential use of uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAV) that look like large radio controlled airplanes to conduct scientific studies of the Earth.
Signals from space enable earthquake detection: A violent earthquake that cracked highways in Alaska set the sky shaking as well as the land, an ESA-backed study has confirmed.
Near-real time ozone forecasting made possible by Envisat: Stratospheric data supplied by Envisat are the basis for a near-real time global ozone forecasting service now available online
Researchers grow breast cancer tissue from transplanted mammary stem cells: Mammary stem cells that grow in human breast tissue may play a pivotal role in breast cancer, according to research to be presented at the International Association for Breast Cancer Research, sponsored by UC Davis Cancer Center.
NASA adapts miniature biological lab for use in space: NASA is adapting tiny laboratories embedded in compact discs (CDs) to conduct biological tests aboard the International Space Station and to eventually look for life on other planets.
Pacific atolls are young as islands go: Bikini Atoll and the other idyllic, palm-covered atolls of the tropical Pacific Ocean are less than two thousand years old -- much younger than previously thought, according to a University of Arizona geologist.
International Space Station Status Report: International Space Station Expedition 8, Commander and NASA ISS Science Officer Michael Foale and Flight Engineer Alexander Kaleri wound up their first full workweek in space Friday.

[ October 2003 News Archive ]
 
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