Marketing researchers identify the three most powerful drivers of effective crowdfunding
April 07, 2020Key Takeaways:
- Researchers identify critical factors at each of three phases of crowdfunding: "friend funding", "getting crowded", and "races to the goal" and the characteristics of crowdfunders contributing to the successful fund raising.
- Based on this understanding, fundraisers can maximize both the likelihood of successful fund raising and the amount of capital raised by optimizing fundraising goals, and crowdfunding platforms can optimize their targeting strategies in promotional campaigns and better predict which projects are likely to be successful.
Crowdfunding is the process of raising capital from a crowd of investors through an online platform in order to produce new products or offer new services. Once a crowdfunding fundraising project reaches its goal, investors begin to receive returns on their investments.
In recent years, crowdfunding has been heralded as an untapped and vast new opportunity for entrepreneurs and start-ups who may have had challenges in obtaining funding from more traditional sources.
It's commonly understood in business fundraising that there are three phases: a "friend-funding" phase, where most funds are contributed by friends and family of the founders; a second phase known as the "getting crowded phase," where the process starts to build momentum beyond friends and family; and the "race to the goal phase," where the process gains momentum until the goal is achieved.
This study looked at this process and identified challenges and opportunities at each crowdfunding phase.
The research study, to be published in the INFORMS journal Marketing Science, is titled "Modeling Dynamics in Crowdfunding." It is authored by Chul Kim of the City University of New York; P.K. Kannan and Michael Trusov of the University of Maryland; and Andrea Ordanini of Bocconi University in Milan, Italy.
"In our research, we suggest three major drivers that lead to the dynamics in crowdfunding process: investors' forward-looking strategic behavior, social interactions among individual investors, and their expectations on the crowd's behavior" said Kim. "We found strong evidence for all three mechanisms and confirmed how they contribute to the dynamic patterns of crowdfunding".
"In the early stage (like the "friend-funding" phase), an individual crowdfunder expects that her investment will encourage other crowdfunders' participation. It can be a strong incentive for her to participate even at the early stage," said Kannan.
"In the middle stage where most of crowdfunding projects are likely to stagnate, it is very important to ignite the crowding process through social interactions among crowdfunders for successful goal completion," said Ordanini. "In the end, once the crowdfunding project gains momentum, investors sitting on the sides waiting for the opportunistic moment will jump in and follow."
"Based on these understandings on the crowdfunding dynamics, we identified for fundraisers the optimal goals that ensure intended results while raising the maximum capital," said Trusov. "For the crowdfunding platforms, we arrived at ways to optimize targeting of the right investors, identifying those crowdfunders who have the potential to contribute the most to the program's success. And, we have found ways to more accurately predict whether a crowdfunding campaign will succeed, and when it will succeed by observing early investment patterns."
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About INFORMS and Marketing ScienceMarketing Science is a premier peer-reviewed scholarly marketing journal focused on research using quantitative approaches to study all aspects of the interface between consumers and firms. It is published by INFORMS, the leading international association for operations research and analytics professionals. More information is available at http://www.informs.org or @informs.
Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
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