Today's Science News
May 8, 2024
Star Wars makes Darth Jar Jar official in 'Lego Star Wars: Rebuild the Galaxy' mini-series (video) - One of the Star Wars fandom's most infamous memes is joining the Star Wars canon (kind of) in this Lego Star Wars special mini-series.New study challenges one-size-fits-all approach to vitamin D supplementation guidelines - Researchers believe their findings have significant implications for the development of tailored recommendations for vitamin D supplementation A new study from Trinity College Dublin scientists, sheds light on the complexities of achieving optimal vitamin D status across diverse populations.
NASA's TESS spacecraft resumes exoplanet hunt after recovering from glitch - NASA's exoplanet-hunting spacecraft TESS is back in action after nine days in safe mode, returning to scientific observations on May 3.
Throwing Away Fruit and Veggie Peels Is Like Throwing Out Key Nutrients - Step away from the peeler, or you’ll be tossing out a lot of valuable nutrients.
Sulaiman Mountain Haze - An astronaut aboard the International Space Station took this Dec. 17, 2023, photograph of the Sulaiman Mountains in central Pakistan.
65 million-year-old cow relative looked like a chinchilla and weighed only a pound - Militocodon lydae, a mammal that looked like a chinchilla but is more closely related cows, roamed what is now Colorado after the nonavian dinosaurs went extinct.
'A dream come true': Nuclear clock breakthrough could revolutionize study of the universe's fundamental forces - By nudging a thorium-229 nucleus into a higher energy state, physicists have made it possible to develop a nuclear clock that could probe the most fundamental forces in physics.
Malaysia offers trade partners 'orangutan diplomacy' - The great apes are proposed as gifts for palm oil importers, but conservationists voice concerns.
Bizarro Vegan Dr Paul Saladino Gives Diet Advice Just As Dangerous For Babies - If you are a vegan and opt your child out of a nornal diet, they are going to suffer from malnutrition and you may end up in jail.
NASA’s Plans for Next-Generation Mars Helicopters Are Up in the Air - After the spectacular success of the first-ever “Marscopter,” mission planners have soaring ambitions for follow-up flying machines
For microscopic organisms, ocean currents act as ‘expressway’ to deeper depths, study finds - Some of the ocean’s tiniest organisms get swept into underwater currents that act as a conduit that shuttles them from the sunny surface to deeper, darker depths where they play a huge role in affecting the ocean’s chemistry and ecosystem, according to new research.
Record-shattering Tonga volcanic eruption wasn't triggered by what we thought, new study suggests - Scientists think Tonga's record-breaking 2022 eruption was triggered by gas building up to a "critical point" rather than by a reaction between magma and seawater as previously assumed.
Circus 'Wall of Death' stunt may keep astronauts fit on the moon - Just a few laps of the wall a day may be enough to keep muscle wasting at bay, scientists say.
Axiom Space eyes the moon while continuing to dream big in Earth orbit - Axiom Space, which was founded in 2016, has already organized three private crewed missions to the International Space Station, and it's building the spacesuits for NASA's Artemis moonwalkers.
Color-Coding Crops for Climate Change - Novel ways to use gene-editing to make farming more sustainable.
New AI Tools Predict How Life’s Building Blocks Assemble - Google DeepMind’s AlphaFold3 and other deep learning algorithms can now predict the shapes of interacting complexes of protein, DNA, RNA and other molecules, better capturing cells’ biological landscapes.
This diamond exoplanet lost its atmosphere — then it grew another - 55 Cancri e is a super-Earth planet that appears composed of diamond-like carbon — now, thanks to the JWST, astronomers have found the world has "grown" a second atmosphere.
Much Like Humans, Dolphin Pods Have Complex Social Structures - These marine mammals are known for building unique cultures within their social groups.
NASA’s Webb Hints at Possible Atmosphere Surrounding Rocky Exoplanet - Researchers using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope may have detected atmospheric gases surrounding 55 Cancri e, a hot rocky exoplanet 41 light-years from Earth.
Solar eclipse 2024: Live updates - Stay up-to-date with the latest news on the upcoming solar eclipses, including the annular solar eclipse on Oct. 2, 2024.
Solid-state reaction among multiphase multicomponent ceramic enhances ablation performance, study finds - Multicomponent ultra-high temperature ceramic (UHTC) has attracted much attention in research due to its superior high-temperature mechanical properties, lower thermal conductivity and enhanced oxidation resistance.
No one has seen the data behind Tyson’s “climate friendly beef” claim - Millions of taxpayer dollars flow to livestock companies raising "low carbon" beef.
China just sent a secret mini-rover to the far side of the moon on its Chang'e 6 sample-return probe - A tiny, previously undisclosed lunar rover has been spotted strapped to the side of China's moon-bound Chang'e 6 lander in newly released pre-launch photos.
Outsmarting Ovarian Cancer - Biochemist Sharon Stack hopes to advance the field of ovarian cancer by exploring the tumor and host-related factors that influence its metastatic process.
Once-Hidden Hydrogen Gas Deposits Could Be a Boon for Clean Energy - Large stores of natural hydrogen have turned up in Albania, France and Mali
Sun explodes in a flurry of powerful solar flares from hyperactive sunspots (video) - Watch the sun explode in a fury as it unleashes yet another barrage of solar flares, including two of the most powerful: X-class.
'Wraparound' implants represent new approach to treating spinal cord injuries - A tiny, flexible electronic device that wraps around the spinal cord could represent a new approach to the treatment of spinal injuries, which can cause profound disability and paralysis.
Heavy snowfall and rain may contribute to some earthquakes - Episodes of heavy snowfall and rain likely contributed to a swarm of earthquakes over the past several years in northern Japan, researchers find.
China's Chang'e 6 mission to moon's far side enters lunar orbit (video) - China's Chang'e 6 has entered orbit around the moon ahead of its upcoming landing attempt on the lunar far side where it will collect samples that will be returned to Earth.
Cancer Cells Spread When They Stop Recycling Waste - An immune-inhibiting protein that regulates autophagy halts breast cancers from venturing across tissue borders.
Johnson Celebrates AA and NHPI Heritage Month: Kimia Seyedmadani - A quest for innovative ideas and development processes led biomedical engineer Kimia Seyedmadani to NASA’s Human Research Program (HRP) in 2018.
NASA, JAXA XRISM Spots Iron Fingerprints in Nearby Active Galaxy - After starting science operations in February, Japan-led XRISM (X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission) studied the monster black hole at the center of galaxy NGC 4151.
Chemists produce new-to-nature enzyme containing boron - Boronic acid has been used in organic chemistry for decades, even though it is not present in any organism.
The Brown Note Frequency Isn’t Real, But Sound Effects Our Bodies - There isn’t a frequency that will make you lose control of your bowels, but noise does play a role in our health.
Private lunar lander to carry 'memory disk' of 275 human languages to the moon in 2024 - ispace will send a time capsule of 275 human languages to the moon aboard a lunar lander as part of its Hakuto-R Mission 2 later this year.
1942: Engine Roars to Life in First Test at Future NASA Glenn - On May 8, 1942, the first test was conducted at the NACA’s Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory (today, NASA’s Glenn Research Center) in Cleveland.
Massive Neolithic settlement found in Serbia - A 7,000-year-old Neolithic settlement has been found in Serbia.
Possible atmosphere surrounding rocky exoplanet - Researchers may have detected atmospheric gases surrounding 55 Cancri e, a hot rocky exoplanet 41 light-years from Earth.
Getting to know the enzymes behind cell communication—and tumor growth - In the human body, molecules known as kinases propagate signals within and between cells, relaying signals that allow cells to respond to changes in the environment.
SpaceX launches 23 satellites from Florida on 1st leg of Starlink doubleheader (video) - SpaceX launched another batch of its Starlink internet satellites from Florida today (May 8), on the first leg of a planned spaceflight doubleheader for the company.
What Are the Best Sunscreens, and Why Aren’t They Sold in the U.S.? - A decade after Congress told the FDA to expedite the approval of more effective sunscreens, the federal government still has not approved sunscreen ingredients that are safely being used around the world
The Inside Story of the First Untethered Spacewalk - On February 7, 1984, astronaut Bruce McCandless ventured out into space and away from shuttle Challenger using only a nitrogen-propelled, hand-controlled backpack
'Hostilities began in an extremely violent way': How chimp wars taught us murder and cruelty aren't just human traits - Can chimpanzees wage war?
Rock steady: Study reveals new mechanism to explain how continents stabilized - Ancient, expansive tracts of continental crust called cratons have helped keep Earth's continents stable for billions of years, even as landmasses shift, mountains rise and oceans form.
New target for potential leukemia therapy - Investigators discovered that a subset of myeloid and lymphoid leukemias depend on a molecular complex called PI3Kgamma for survival.
Hoard of 17th-century coins hidden during English Civil War unearthed during kitchen renovation - During a kitchen renovation, a family in England unexpectedly discovered a hoard of coins that was likely buried for safekeeping during the first English Civil War.
Has the Last Great Space Observatory Already Launched? - Astronomy’s future may be slipping away—one climate disaster at a time
AI simulation of flavored vape reactions reveals formation of many hazardous chemicals - New research has uncovered the potentially harmful substances that are produced when e-liquids in vaping devices are heated for inhalation.
Catalyst search shows how computing can take the guesswork out of chemistry - Imagine synthesizing and then testing over 50 different complex molecules to identify the most effective catalyst for a particular chemical reaction.
Lego bricks inspired a new way to shape devices for studying liquids - Inspired by Lego building blocks, the approach could enable design of adaptable tools to study how fluids move through very small spaces.
Deeper understanding of malaria parasite sexual development unlocks opportunities to block disease spread - For the first time, the developmental stages of the deadliest human malaria parasite have been mapped in high resolution, allowing researchers to understand this ever-adapting adversary in more detail than previously possible.
EV batteries could last much longer thanks to new capacitor with 19-times energy density that scientists created by mistake - Electric cars and laptop batteries could charge up much faster and last longer thanks to a new structure that can be used to make much better capacitors in the future.
Pressure to be 'perfect' causing burnout for parents, mental health concerns for their children - Is the status of 'perfect parent' attainable?
'Mathematical microscope' reveals novel, energy-efficient mechanism of working memory that works even during sleep - Researchers have discovered a mechanism that creates memories while reducing metabolic cost, even during sleep.
Swarms of miniature robots clean up microplastics and microbes, simultaneously - When old food packaging, discarded children's toys and other mismanaged plastic waste break down into microplastics, they become even harder to clean up from oceans and waterways.
UTA scientists test for quantum nature of gravity - Einstein’s theory of general relativity explains that gravity is caused by a curvature of the directions of space and time.
In the Caribbean, Hammerhead Sharks Return to School - Hammerhead sharks—fish with pronounced oblong heads and bodies as long as small cars—are unmistakable.
Physicists arrange atoms in extremely close proximity - Proximity is key for many quantum phenomena, as interactions between atoms are stronger when the particles are close.
Research team develops AI to perform chemical synthesis - Chemistry, with its intricate processes and vast potential for innovation, has always been a challenge for automation.
Webb telescope probably didn’t find life on an exoplanet — yet - Recent reports of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope finding signs of life on a distant planet understandably sparked excitement.
Boeing Starliner test scrubbed - Boeing’s crew test for its Starliner space capsule has been pushed back after a faulty oxygen relief valve led to the scrubbing of its anticipated launch earlier this week.
NASA animation simulates falling into a black hole - NASA has produced a mind-bending video simulating what it would like if you were to plunge into a black hole.
‘Baby asteroid’ just a toddler in space years, researchers say - An asteroid discovered last November is in fact a solar system toddler – just 2-3 million years old, a Cornell University-led research team estimates using novel statistical calculations.
Oceans suffer from record-breaking year of heat - Every single day of the past 12 months has seen a new global sea temperature high for the time of year.
A Nebula that Extends its Hand into Space - The Gum Nebula is an emission nebula almost 1400 light-years away.
May 7, 2024
Dice snakes fake their own gory deaths - Aspiring actors in need of inspiration for their next dramatic death scene needn’t look any further than dice snakes (Natrix tessellate).International SWOT Mission Can Improve Flood Prediction - A partnership between NASA and the French space agency, the satellite is poised to help improve forecasts of where and when flooding will occur in Earth’s rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
Lake tsunamis pose significant threat under warming climate - The names might not be familiar—Cowee Creek, Brabazon Range, Upper Pederson Lagoon—but they mark the sites of recent lake tsunamis, a phenomenon that is increasingly common in Alaska, British Columbia and other regions with mountain glaciers.
Epic NASA video takes you to the heart of a black hole — and destroys you in seconds - What would it be like to fall past the event horizon of a black hole?
20 Years Ago: NASA Selects its 19th Group of Astronauts - On May 6, 2004, NASA announced the selection of its 19th group of astronauts.
Utah Nursery Gives Endangered Fish a Place to Grow - A Nature Conservancy preserve in Moab, Utah offers hopeful news for endangered razorback suckers: this fall, 51 juvenile suckers were recorded on the
Amid two wrongful death lawsuits, Panera to pull the plug on “charged” drinks - A large previously contained nearly as much caffeine as the FDA's daily safe limit.
41,000 Years Ago Earth’s Shield Went Down - Only Earth's magnetic shield prevents us from being bombarded by cosmic rays.
Fall Into a Black Hole With this New NASA Simulation - NASA's new black hole simulation will have you on the edge of your seat.
NASA’s TESS Returns to Science Operations - NASA’s TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) returned to science operations May 3 and is once again making observations.
Switching on renewables in the Pacific a slow process - The Pacific with its gentle breezes and endless sunshine should be a renewables paradise, but the uptake has been slow.
Study: Long COVID symptoms in children vary by age - Symptoms associated with Long COVID in children differ based on the child’s age, according to a nationwide, multi-site study.
2,500-year-old Illyrian helmet found in burial mound likely caused 'awe in the enemy' - Archaeologists excavating a burial mound in Croatia have discovered a 2,500-year-old Illyrian helmet that may have been a votive offering.
NASA Challenge Gives Artemis Generation Coders a Chance to Shine - 2024: NASA Challenge Invites Artemis Generation Coders to Johnson Space Center - NASA
New Proposals to Help NASA Advance Knowledge of Our Changing Climate - NASA has selected four proposals for concept studies of missions to help us better understand Earth science key focus areas for the benefit of all including
The Fall Of Scientific American Redux - For around 15 years, I have joked 'that's why they got sold for a dollar' when nonsense got published in Scientific American and my statement was both funny and factually correct.
Chimps May Continuously Learn as They Age, a Factor of Human Evolution - Chimps learn to use tools when they are young and hone their techniques well into adulthood.
Scientists track ‘doubling’ in origin of cancer cells - Working with human breast and lung cells, Johns Hopkins Medicine scientists say they have charted a molecular pathway that can lure cells down a hazardous path of duplicating their genome too many times, a hallmark of cancer cells.
Do you need a dentist visit every 6 months? That filling? The data is weak - Getting evidence-based care may be like pulling teeth, researchers suggest.
Study reveals flaw in long-accepted approximation used in water simulations - Computational scientists at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have published a study in the Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation that questions a long-accepted factor in simulating the molecular dynamics of water: the 2-femtosecond (one quadrillionth of a second) time step.
Doc who claimed COVID shots cause magnetism gets medical license back - She also claimed cities liquified dead bodies and poured them into the water supply.
Scientists Warn against Treating Forests as Carbon Commodities - Using forests to prop up carbon markets can lead to “perverse effects” on land management, such as cutting out local communities
Ancestor of all cows and deer discovered - An unassuming little mammal which lived 65 million years ago, just after the extinction of the dinosaurs, has been identified as the ancestor of all modern hoofed animals.
This sound-suppressing silk can create quiet spaces - Researchers developed a silk fabric, which is barely thicker than a human hair, that can suppress unwanted noise and reduce noise transmission in a large room.
New patent for bio-based polymer to be used in piezoelectric devices - UD engineers are the lead inventors on a new patent for making piezoelectric devices, such as sensors and actuators, using Nodax, a biodegradable, bio-based polymer.
'Better than graphene' material development may improve implantable technology - Move over, graphene.
Low-energy process for high-performance solar cells - Finding reliable, eco-friendly power sources is crucial as our world grapples with increasing energy needs and the urgent call to combat climate change.
Genetics, not lack of oxygen, causes cerebral palsy in quarter of cases - The world's largest study of cerebral palsy (CP) genetics has discovered genetic defects are most likely responsible for more than a quarter of cases in Chinese children, rather than a lack of oxygen at birth as previously thought.
New super-pure silicon chip opens path to powerful quantum computers - Researchers have invented a breakthrough technique for manufacturing highly purified silicon that brings powerful quantum computers a big step closer.
Salt Played a Pivotal Role in Ancient Human History - From ancient Egypt to Rome, cultures and civilizations have long used salt for a variety of different reasons.
Dogged Dark Matter Hunters Find New Hiding Places to Check - Perhaps dark matter is made of an entirely different kind of particle than the ones physicists have been searching for.
Revving Up a Protein Lawnmower - Scientists devised a synthetic protein-based motor fueled by biological reactions to cut through a peptide lawn.
‘Protest Paradigm’ Shows What’s Wrong with Media Coverage of Student Activism - Media coverage of university students speaking up against the war in Gaza, just like coverage of other protest movements, has fallen prey to some serious weaknesses
How a Fantastical Labyrinth Became a Crucial Habitat for Europe’s Bats - After scientists documented the flying mammals in the Piusa Sand Caves, dug by miners a century ago, conservationists strove to protect the vital habitat
New research confirms that Beethoven had lead poisoning—but it didn't kill him - To this day, no one knows for certain what caused the liver and kidney disease that led to Ludwig van Beethoven's untimely death.
Here's How Ozempic Actually Works for Weight Loss - There’s an abundance of drugs whose mechanisms are surprisingly complex.
The Mathematical Case for Monkeys Producing Shakespeare—Eventually - An infinite number of random events can produce just about anything if you have quintillions of years to wait
Solar Max is Coming. The Sun Just Released Three X-Class Flares - The Sun is increasing its intensity on schedule, continuing its approach to solar maximum.
Ultra-pure silicon brings useful quantum computing a step closer - An international team has produced the world’s purest silicon, which could bring quantum computers much closer to reality.
Meet HELIX, the High-Altitude Balloon That May Solve a Deep Cosmic Mystery - Every now and then, tiny particles of antimatter strike Earth from cosmic parts unknown.
A Fight About Viruses in the Air Is Finally Over. Now It’s Time for Healthy Venting - WHO now admits the COVID virus and other germs spread “through the air.” This plain language may help improve research and action to fight disease
Studying Mouse Reactions to an Optical Illusion Can Teach Us about Consciousness - A study of mice starts to unravel how the brain gets tricked by a particular optical illusion
Experiment: Make your own cents-able battery - Make your own ‘voltaic pile’ with pennies and nickels, and find out how many coins will make the most electricity!
Let’s learn about particles that help us peer inside objects - Particles such as muons, X-rays and neutrons help scientists peer inside fossils, mummies, pyramids, volcanoes and the human body.
World solar challenge shakes up 2025 agenda - The world’s longest running solar car race is to overhaul its rulebook and increase the difficulty of the challenge.
How Viking-Age Hunters Took Down the Biggest Animal on Earth - In the fall of 1385, according to a 17th-century Icelandic text, a man named Ólafur went fishing off the northwestern coast of Iceland.
Scientists cook pancakes, Brussels sprouts and stir fry to detect an oxidant indoors for the first time - A feast cooked up by UBC researchers has revealed singlet oxygen indoors for the first time.
Boeing crewed space launch postponed for safety check - First crewed space flight of Boeing's Starliner was postponed shortly before lift-off due to glitch.
The wait is over – sound waves improve coffee experience - Coffee lovers rejoice – canny researchers have developed a way to bring you cold brew coffee in three minutes!
Researchers develop bioinspired Bouligand structure for enhanced mechanical properties - Bouligand structures, found in natural materials like fish scales, lobster peritoneum and bones, are known for providing exceptional mechanical properties to biomaterials.
New Evidence for Our Solar System’s Ghost: Planet Nine - Does another undetected planet languish in our Solar System’s distant reaches?
Bluetongue virus warning as midges blown into UK - Midges blown from northern Europe could spread a serious virus across farms in England, experts warn.
May 6, 2024
Tourist influx turns Windermere green - report - New research links algal blooming at England's largest lake with increased visitor numbersNASA Takes Six Advanced Tech Concepts to Phase II - NASA's Innovative Advanced Concepts has announced phase two funding for six advanced concepts that could change the future.
Study to explore storing hydrogen underground in Victoria - By Claire Jordan-Peters An Australian energy company is teaming up with the CSIRO to work out if hydrogen can be safely stored underground in depleted gas fields in Victoria.
SpaceX got the fanfare, but Boeing’s first crew flight is still historic - Ars spoke with the three Americans alive who have test-flown a new spacecraft in orbit.
China is Going Back to the Moon Again With Chang'e-6 - On Friday, May 3rd, the sixth mission in the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (Chang’e-6) launched from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site in southern China.
What Can Early Earth Teach Us About the Search for Life? - Earth is the only life-supporting planet we know of, so it’s tempting to use it as a standard in the search for life elsewhere.
Boeing’s Starliner Is Set for Its First Crewed Spaceflight - Starliner’s first crewed launch will mark just the sixth time ever that NASA astronauts have flown in a brand-new spacecraft
Puppy-Dog Eyes in Wild Canines Sparks Rethink on Dog Evolution - The eyebrows of the African wild dog have scientists wondering whether other canine species besides domestic dogs can make the irresistible “puppy-dog eyes” expression
As an Underwater Graveyard, the Great Lakes Have Claimed Close to 10,000 Ships - Though called the Great Lakes, these massive bodies of water are actually inland seas, and can be just as unpredictable as the ocean.
How Should Wildfire Smoke Damage Be Measured? - Homes that survive wildfire flames but that are still affected by smoke, soot and ash is a growing issue for homeowners and insurers, as is the question of how to best remediate the problem
New technique allows physicists to place atoms right next to each other - Physicists have managed to arrange atoms 10 times closer than standard methods can.
Caterbot? Robatapillar? It crawls with ease through loops and bends - Engineers created a catapillar-shaped robot that splits into segments and reassembles, hauls cargo, and crawls through twisting courses.
Tackling a Pathogen That Leaves a Lasting Impression - Staphylococcus aureus vaccine efficacy depends on the immune imprints from past exposures to the microbe.
Fighting Tumors with DNA Origami - Researchers bolster antitumor immune defenses using cancer vaccines made from DNA origami.
Geologists, biologists unearth the atomic fingerprints of cancer - Scientists at the University of Colorado Boulder and Princeton University have, for the first time, employed a tool often used in geology to detect the atomic fingerprints of cancer.
From Orange-Spotted to Striped, There Are 7 Different Cicada Species - In the spring of 2024, seven different cicada species will emerge above ground.
The Curious Life of a Singing Fish - Plainfin midshipman fish migrate from the deep sea to spawn—and then things get weird.
A Rosetta Stone for Mathematics - In 1940 André Weil wrote a letter to his sister, Simone, outlining his vision for translating between three distinct areas of mathematics.
Climbers Turned Mount Everest Into A Garbage Dump, But Solutions Exist - Trash collected in a 2019 cleanup that removed 24,000 pounds (10,000 kilograms) of garbage from Mount Everest
Venus has almost no water: A new study may reveal why - Billions of years ago, Venus may have harbored as much water as Earth.
Participants of pioneering CRISPR gene editing trial see vision improve - About 79% of clinical trial participants experienced measurable improvement after receiving experimental, CRISPR-based gene editing that is designed to fix a rare form of blindness, according to a new article.
Astronomers observe elusive stellar light surrounding ancient quasars - Astronomers observed the elusive starlight surrounding some of the earliest quasars in the universe.
New discoveries about Jupiter's magnetosphere - New discoveries about Jupiter could lead to a better understanding of Earth's own space environment and influence a long-running scientific debate about the solar system's largest planet.
From Legos to Human Feces, Here Are the 7 Strangest Things Left in Space - Astronauts can leave things behind unintentionally, but there are also other objects we purposely have sent into space.
AI Could Help Find a Solution for String Theory - String theory could provide a theory of everything for our universe—but it entails 10 500 (more than a centillion) possible solutions.
Turns out JWST hasn’t found life in another planet… yet - An exoplanet made headlines because JWST suggested it has signs of life.
Engineers solve 'catalysis vs corrosion' mystery in electrochemical ozone production - Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh and Drexel University in Philadelphia, along with Brookhaven National Laboratory, are working to solve a multipart mystery to make water disinfection treatments more sustainable.