Today's Science News

February 18, 2025

US abortion bans have driven a surge in infant deaths, study finds - Researchers estimate that recent abortion bans have driven a rise in infant death rates in affected states, especially among Black children and kids with congenital anomalies.

Strange corkscrew burrows and other unexpected structures discovered 4.7 miles deep in the Japan Trench - New scans of the bottom of the Japan Trench reveal extensive burrow structures and evidence of regular "reset" events that help sea creatures survive in the ocean's deepest reaches.

At $800 off, this powerful Nikon Z8 mirrorless camera has never been cheaper, just in time for March's lunar eclipse - Looking for to take your astrophotography to the next level?

Anti-Science Epidemiologists Have A New Friend In Government - In September, epidemiologists out to scare people about homeopathic - "detectable" - levels of pesticides published a paper hoping to get journalists promoting fear and doubt about agriculture.

James Webb Space Telescope finds our Milky Way galaxy's supermassive black hole blowing bubbles (image, video) - Using the James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have taken a detailed look at the supermassive black hole at the heart of the Milky Way, Sgr A*, finding it endlessly blowing bubbles.

Supermassive black hole puts on endless light show - It’s party time all the time at the heart of the galaxy, according to new observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).

Exoplanet with iron rain has violent winds 'like something out of science fiction' - Astronomers have discovered a powerful jet stream raging through the atmosphere of an ultra-hot Jupiter exoplanet ravaged by liquid iron rains.

Our galaxy's monster black hole is spitting out mysterious flares, James Webb telescope reveals - Sagittarius A*, our galaxy's supermassive black hole, is constantly producing strange eruptions.

DAILY DOSE: Federal job cuts threaten public health in America; DOGE fires employees overseeing Musk’s Neuralink. - Federal job cuts threaten public health by compromising talent and preparedness during ongoing health crises, raising concerns among experts and critics.

Liquid Mirrors Can Only Point Straight Up. Could Magnets Solve This Problem? - Astronomers have developed several versions of rotating liquid metal telescopes, which use the force of gravity and centripetal force to create a natural telescope lens.

What should I do if I find a cool artifact in the US? - Spotting artifacts in the U.S. is common, but archaeologists want you to leave them in place.

Mercury Completes the Planetary Parade at Dusk - One planet was missing from the sunset lineup… until now.

Imagine Dragons 'Starfield' video game anthem will beam to Earth from the moon - Imagine Dragons' song 'Children of the Sky' will be beamed to Earth from a lunar data center as part of the private IM-2 moon mission launching as early as Feb. 26 atop a SpaceX Falcon 9.

Past Annual Highlights of Results from the International Space Station Publications - This eighth annual report provides an overall highlight of research results published from October 1, 2022 to September 30, 2023 from investigations operated

Annual Highlights of Results 2024: Key Takeaways, Introduction, and Bibliometric Analyses - Key Takeaways Introduction The International Space Station is a state-of-the art laboratory in low Earth orbit.

2024 Annual Highlights of Results from the International Space Station Science - The 2024 Annual Highlights of Results from the International Space Station is now available.

Catalytic Computing Taps the Full Power of a Full Hard Drive - Ten years ago, researchers proved that adding full memory can theoretically aid computation.

Ultra-low-noise Infrared Detectors for Exoplanet Imaging - One of the ultimate goals in astrophysics is the discovery of Earth-like planets that are capable of hosting life.

'Hugely proud': UK Paralympian becomes 1st disabled astronaut to be cleared for ISS mission - Prospective ESA astronaut and former British Paralympian John McFall has passed the medical assessment needed for a long-term stay on the ISS.

Dinosaur extinction to thank for our early primate ancestors’ success - The extinction of the largest dinosaurs might have aided the evolution of the small, fruit-eating ancestors of primates, according to new research.

Station Science Top News: Feb. 14, 2025 - Modeling properties of thunderstorm discharges

Divers discover 500,000-year-old treasure trove of fossils in Florida sinkhole - Divers in Florida’s Steinhatchee River stumbled upon hundreds of pristine fossils from an obscure Ice Age period, including giant armadillos, ancient horses and possibly a new species of tapir.

Can public trust in science survive a second battering? - Public trust in science has shown a certain resiliency, but it is being tested like never before.

How Earth got its ice caps and helped life to prosper - A new 3D computer model of the planet through time has helped answer a contentious question: How did the Earth’s ice caps form?

Save a massive 36% on the Star Wars Black Series Force FX Elite Lightsaber - With a huge 36% off, you can grab an unbeatable Star Wars deal on this feature-packed lightsaber, now it's lowest price in months.

'Perhaps it's only a matter of time': Intelligent life may be much more likely than first thought, new model suggests - For decades, scientists assumed that life on Earth emerged through a chain of highly improbable flukes.

What is an Engineer? (Grades K-4) - Read NASA Knows: What is an Engineer?

Why We Think Theia Existed - The giant-impact hypothesis posits that billions of years ago a Mars-sized body named Theia collided with the early Earth.

The Vasa Warship Sank After Only 25 Minutes of Sailing, Taking 30 Lives With it - Learn what sank the historical and almost most powerful warship in Sweden in the 1600s.

Cosmic voids may explain the universe's acceleration without dark energy - New research suggests that dark energy isn't needed to explain the acceleration in the expansion of the universe — instead suggesting giant voids in space are creating an illusion.

Quantum simulation breakthrough will lead to 'discoveries impossible in today's fastest supercomputers,' Google scientists claim - By combining digital and analog quantum simulation into a new hybrid approach, scientists have already started to make fresh scientific discoveries using quantum computers.

Plastic bottles easier to recycle with new degradable glue - A new type of adhesive that can be cleanly removed from plastic bottles and packaging before disposal could lead to better-quality recycled plastic, a new study has shown.

Mummy quiz: Can you unwrap these ancient Egyptian mysteries? - Do you know a lot about the ancient Egyptian dead, or do you need to ask your mummy?

High-entropy MOF enables efficient deuterium separation for clean energy - A research team affiliated with UNIST has successfully developed a new porous material for the efficient separation of deuterium, a primary fuel for nuclear fusion.

More harmony between humans and animals when Africa’s grasslands restored - Grasslands in Africa are key to the lives of people as well as wildlife.

Microbes give plants a way to make ‘meaty’ nutrients - Enzymes from animals helped a test plant made two nutrients essential for a balanced diet.

3D-printed 'hydrogels' could be future space radiation shields for astronaut trips to Mars - Technology we already use everyday might be the future of space radiation shielding.

James Webb Space Telescope reveals how a cosmic 'Phoenix' cools off to birth stars - Like its mythological namesake, the Phoenix Cluster burns with blisteringly hot gas, which cools to birth stars.

Self-driving lab transforms electronic polymers discovery - Plastic that conducts electricity might sound impossible.

Earth from space: A mysterious 'black hole' in Pacific Ocean that sparked wild rumors online - This Google Maps image captured in 2021 revealed a mysterious, triangular dark patch in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, sparking bizarre rumors about its origin.

Unlocking Venus’ Secrets with VATMOS-SR Mission Concept - What can Venus atmospheric samples returned to Earth teach us about the varied evolution of both planets?

Synthetic material moves independently, like worms - Scientists have created a synthetic material that forms worm-like structures and even moves like them, which could be used for various applications from drug delivery to self-healing materials.

February 17, 2025

The Moon Solidified 4.43 Billion Years Ago - What’s the story of our Moon’s early history?

Fungus ‘hacks’ natural immune system causing neurodegeneration in fruit flies - A study reveals that the fungus Beauveria bassiana triggers fruit flies' immune systems to destroy brain cells, causing neurodegeneration.

The Caterpillars That Can Kill You - But their toxic compounds could yield useful medicines The post The Caterpillars That Can Kill You appeared first on Nautilus .

Trump Official Destroying USAID Secretly Met With Christian Nationalists Abroad in Defiance of U.S. Policy - Peter Marocco's tenure in U.S. foreign aid saw him undermine key policies, favoring extremist factions while compromising diplomatic relations.

Turning the Moon into a fuel depot will take a lot of power - Getting oxygen from regolith takes 24 kWh per kilogram, and we'd need tonnes.

Nanoplastics at lofty heights. - Nanoplastics originate from larger plastics, posing health risks.

An Unfinished Detector has Already Spotted the Highest-Energy Neutrino Ever Seen - When it comes to particles, only photons are more abundant than neutrinos, yet detecting neutrinos is extremely difficult.

4 Megalosaurus Fossils Discovered Throughout Time - The Megalosaurus is essential to paleontology.

What Would Happen if a Tiny Black Hole Passed Through Your Body? - Some astrophysicists theorize that there are primordial black holes, leftover from the formation of the universe.

Daniel Hale Williams: A Comprehensive Look at His Medical and Social Legacy - Dr. Daniel Hale Williams revolutionized cardiac surgery in 1893, showcasing exceptional skill and challenging racial barriers in medicine.

Cookies, Cream, and Crumbling Cores - Perseverance’s drives over the last few weeks have doubled back several times.

Los Angeles groundwater remained depleted after 2023 deluge, study finds - Researchers developed a seismic method to monitor groundwater levels in Los Angeles, revealing deep aquifers' substantial depletion despite recent heavy rains.

The Strongest and Weirdest Teeth Seen in the Animal Kingdom - A look at the strongest, biggest, most numerous, and just weirdest dental situations on the planet.

Urgent CDC Data and Analyses on Influenza and Bird Flu Go Missing as Outbreaks Escalate - Sonya Stokes, an ER physician, faces overwhelming flu cases amid delayed CDC data, raising concerns about public health response and safety.

'Star Trek: Section 31' got us thinking... Should you have to do your homework before you watch a movie? - The latest 'Star Trek' movie assumes plenty of prior knowledge of a vast franchise — and it's not alone.

'Stay off the roads': Winter storm warning as deadly floods strike Kentucky - Kentucky is battling devastating floods after another powerful winter storm hit the eastern U.S. over the weekend, leaving at least 10 people dead.

How generative AI touches journalism - Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has taken off at lightning speed in the past couple of years, creating disruption in many industries.

AI 'brain decoder' can read a person's thoughts with just a quick brain scan and almost no training - An improvement to an existing AI-based brain decoder can translate a person's thoughts into text without hours of training.

Scientists accidentally discover Earth's inner core is less solid than expected - Researchers discovered that Earth's inner core is surprisingly viscous.

'We don't feel stranded': Astronauts 'stuck' in space set the record straight - "I think both of us will be a little bit sad when that feeling of space sort of leaves us."

Presidents day telescope deal: Celestron NexStar 130SLT with GoTo now 23% off at Amazon - Presidents day sale: Get the Celestron NexStar 130SLT computerized telescope for under $500 at Amazon — that's the cheapest we've seen it since the start of the year.

Despite court orders, climate and energy programs stalled by Trump freeze - Chief of the EPA is also trying to claw back $20 billion, citing alleged wrongdoing.

How Does Earth’s Magnetic Field Work? - Learn how forces deep underground generate a protective bubble between us and space.

'Like a family photo of our solar system': The James Webb telescope is watching 2 alien planets being born before our eyes - Aimed at the nearby star PDS 70, the James Webb Space Telescope is watching newborn planets take shape before our eyes in uprecedented detail.

The Winter Triangle meets the 'Mars Triangle' in the night sky this month - For the next few weeks, the planet Mars will form an isosceles triangle with the two bright stars marking the heads of the Gemini Twins, Pollux and Castor.

Engineers create new glue that mimics mussels and mucus to prevent bacterial buildup - Within the animal kingdom, mussels are masters of underwater adhesion.

How Deep Time Can Help You Handle Modern Times - Sometimes last month feels like a long time ago, but considering our planet, the long perspective can really help.

Lasers reveal 15th-century fortified Zapotec city in Mexico - Lidar has fully revealed a 600-year-old Zapotec city in southern Mexico.

Does the moon look smaller tonight? Here's why a 'micromoon' rises - The moon reaches its farthest point from Earth tonight, known as apogee, making it appear ever so slightly smaller in the night sky.

Ryugu asteroid belonged to celestial body with liquid saltwater - Another asteroid is giving up its secrets.

Transition metal-free catalyst promises greener, efficient ammonia synthesis - As the world moves toward sustainability, the demand for efficient alternatives across industries continues to grow.

Breaking the Curse of the Habitable Zone - The Habitable Zone is a central concept in our explorations for life outside the Earth.

Watch the sun erupt in new images from NOAA's weather satellite - A space-based telescope has captured new images of the sun that showcase one of our star's fiery outbursts — and Mercury is in the picture.

Mirror Molecules Can Treat Diseases, but Mirror Life Could Kill Us All - Scientists warn of taking mirror molecules too far.

Near-complete skull discovery reveals 'top apex', leopard-sized 'fearsome' carnivore - A rare discovery of a nearly complete skull in the Egyptian desert has led scientists to the 'dream' revelation of a new 30-million-year-old species of the ancient apex predatory carnivore, Hyaenodonta.

Research Brief: ASV Optimization in Lakes Prine to Harmful Algal Blooms - Autonomous water quality sampling strategies can help researchers gather high-resolution spatial data in a body of water.

Surprisingly simple coding trick can slash data center energy usage by 30% - Scientists discovered that by adding 30 lines to the Linux operating system, they could dramatically reduce the amount of energy that data centers consume.

There was nearly 1 rocket launch attempt every 34 hours in 2024 — this year will be even busier - "There is reason to have confidence in upward trajectory of the space economy."

Scientists Say: Large language model - Large language models, or LLMs, are language-processing systems that underpin advanced AI technologies such as ChatGPT.

High-speed lasers write data — to last millennia — inside glass - Project Silica is advancing a new way to store data — potentially forever.

Moth employs novel optical illusion to appear 3D - A team of mathematicians and scientists needed x-ray tomography to confirm that wings of the fruit-sucking moth are, in fact, flat despite appearing 3D.

Ancient Egyptian 'granary with scribes' diorama: A miniature workplace found buried in a tomb from the Middle Kingdom - A small, wooden diorama found in an ancient Egyptian tomb reflects the importance of grain in an agricultural society.

Some planet-forming stars never 'grow up' and lose their 'Peter Pan' disks - Astronomers used the James Webb Space Telescope to study a planet-forming disk around a low-mass star, finding it contains chemical signatures never seen before in such a disk.

Scaling sustainable carbon fiber production: A breakthrough in lignin-based technology - Carbon fiber is a critical material for industries such as aerospace and automotive, prized for its strength and lightweight properties.

When were birthday parties invented? - Although many researchers assume that birthday celebrations date back to the ancient Egyptians, the earliest textual evidence of a birthday party proves these annual events are much older.

Astronomers realize mysterious TV signal in their data bounced off an airplane - By tracking the TV signal back to the plane that was reflecting it towards the Murchison Wide-field Array, astronomers will be able to learn how to remove it from their data.

Sols 4454-4457: Getting Ready to Fill the Long Weekend with Science - Earth planning date: Friday, Feb. 14, 2025

Free marine ebook makes a splash with kids - Cosmos Magazine has partnered with Double Helix to publish a free eBook that takes kids aged 8 to 12 on a dive into the science of our oceans.

New 30-million-year-old apex predator surprise in Africa - Palaeontologists working in the Egyptian desert have uncovered a nearly complete skull of a leopard-sized predator that would have been at the top of the food chain 30 million years ago.

The Science of Snakehead Slime - How do invasive snakeheads move on land?

How to keep Sydney Harbour clean - In this Ultramarine podcast, we dive into the crucial issue of ocean pollution and explore real-world solutions.

How Trump's 'drill, baby, drill' pledge is affecting other countries - Some major carbon-emitting countries are hinting they may follow suit as the US opts to ramp up fossil fuels.

February 16, 2025

Giant carnivorous plant newly described to science - Inspired by photographs on social media, an expedition trekked into the remote Borneo and confirmed a new and amazing species of pitcher plant.

1 million 'interstellar objects' — each larger than the Statue of Liberty — may lurk in the outer solar system - New simulations reveal that around 1 million "macroscopic" objects from our closest stellar neighbors, the Alpha Centauri system, may already reside in the Oort Cloud, far from sight.

Human spaceflight quiz: How well do you know our journey into space? - Test your knowledge of humanity's major space-faring milestones and the incredible astronauts who accomplished them.

'City-killer' asteroid 2024 YR4 could hit the moon instead of us, scientists say - Asteroid 2024 YR4 has a 2.3% chance of hitting Earth in the year 2032.

Is the Habitable Worlds Observatory a Good Idea? - The Habitable Worlds Observatory, NASA’s planned successor to the James Webb Space Telescope, will be a monster of an instrument.

Continent-size blobs in Earth's mantle are a billion years old, ancient crystals reveal - New research suggests that dark energy isn't needed to explain the acceleration in the expansion of the universe — instead suggesting giant voids in space are creating an illusion.

Older AI models show signs of cognitive decline, study shows — but not everyone is entirely convinced - Older chatbots show signs of cognitive impairment, failing on several important metrics in a test normally used on humans.

Moon rocks reveal hidden lunar history - As NASA astronauts aim for landings in 2027, geologists find surprises in recently retrieved samples from the far side

Lithium and nickel — the road to longer-lasting batteries - After decades, Lithium Nickel Oxide (LiNiO2) battery problems may have been solved.

Space photo of the week: James Webb telescope shocks scientists with image of ancient galaxy roaring back to life - The James Webb Space Telescope has zoomed in on Leo P, a tiny galaxy with some big things to say about star formation.

'Sailing' satellites of the future could provide early warning of dangerous space weather - 'Sailing' satellites of the future could provide early warning of dangerous space weather

Can animals learn another species' 'language?' - Animals hear other species communicate around them every day.

Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Fold Gen 2 review: This big-screen wonder lacks firepower - A unique design and grat display, but performance is only so-so

New approach wipes years off genetic trials - Researchers have for the first time introduced genetic material into plants via their roots, the trials opening a potential pathway for rapid crop improvement.

Heat stressed corals do better with crabs around - Nature is ripe with interactions, everywhere you look.

February 15, 2025

Theoretical physicists show that quantum systems have opposing arrows of time - New theoretical research shows that time can flow forwards or backwards in quantum systems, challenging our everyday perception of how time progresses.

The best sci-fi TV shows of the 1950s - A list of 10 influential science fiction TV series from the '50s

This Week In Space podcast: Episode 148 — Clavius Base - On Episode 148 of This Week In Space, Rod Pyle and Tariq Malik speak with Dr. Pascal Lee about why Clavius may be the ideal place to build our first lunar base.

The force is strong with this JEDI - The force will be strong with this next-generation imager; JEDI will be a featured instrument on the Vigil space mission set to launch in 2031.

Food Can Trigger Positive and Negative Emotions — Here's How To Regulate It - Learn more about how food impacts our mood and emotions as well as our physical health.

Labord's chameleon: The color-changing lizard that drops dead in 4 months - Labord's chameleons are only found in Western Madagascar and have developed a live fast die young life cycle to cope with the extreme environmental conditions.

Cockatoos prefer noodles dunked in blueberry yoghurt - For the first time, scientists have observed a non-primate animal using flavourings to enhance the experience of eating food.

Tom Hanks' 'The Moonwalkers' makes US premiere at Space Center Houston - It is not unusual to see a Saturn V launch while viewing a film at Space Center Houston.

Creepy 'ghost lanterns' in South Carolina are not what they seem, study suggests - The Summerville ghost lanterns have mystified locals for generations.

How far can a person run without stopping? - People go on 5K and 10K runs all the time.

Microsoft Surface Laptop 7th Edition (15-inch) review: An astonishing AI-infused machine - The new Surface offers a great display and long battery life

SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launches 21 Starlink satellites on record-setting 26th flight (video, photos) - A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launched for the 26th time this morning (Feb. 15), setting a new reuse record for the company.

Science news this week: Hidden lakes and a 'city-killer' asteroid - Feb. 15, 2025: Our weekly roundup of the latest science in the news, as well as a few fascinating articles to keep you entertained over the weekend.

Human hunting wiped out the flightless moa - New research has identified the extent to which human colonisation and hunting contributed to the extinction of New Zealand’s giant flightless birds, the moa.

World's sea-ice falls to record low - The world's frozen oceans keep the planet cool, but they currently have less ice than ever recorded before.

February 14, 2025

Vulnerability Increases for Crab, Squid, and Other Marine Species in California Waters - As climate change threatens ecosystems and economies, scientists and fisheries work together to manage imminent changes.

Boeing Starliner astronauts on the ISS set the story straight: 'We don't feel stranded' - NASA astronauts Suni Williams and Butch Wilmore say they aren't stranded aboard the space station.

Does planetary evolution favor human-like life? Study ups odds we're not alone - Humanity may not be extraordinary but rather the natural evolutionary outcome for our planet and likely others, according to a new model for how intelligent life developed on Earth.

Marine mystery solved: How anemonefish avoid stings from their sea anemone hosts - The clownfish-anemone living arrangement is one of the most widely recognized examples of symbiosis.

Planetary Evolution May be the Reason for Human Life, and Life Elsewhere - A new theory suggests windows of opportunity, not a series of improbable events may have helped humans gain a foothold in the universe.

White Dwarf Star Explosions May Offer Clues on Dark Energy - Learn about the explosions that often occur at the end of a white dwarf star's life, allowing scientists to study the acceleration of the universe.

Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin laying off 1,000 employees: reports - Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin is laying off about 1,000 employees, according to media reports.

Life in an Atmospheric Zoo - Journalist Carl Zimmer tells the story of the science of aerobiology The post Life in an Atmospheric Zoo appeared first on Nautilus .

Marine Fungi Could Eat Plastic Pollution, Helping to Clean Our Oceans and Beaches - Learn more about the marine fungi that could be conditioned to help clean up Hawai’i’s beaches.

NASA Inspires High School Engineering Club - A group of enthusiastic high school students recently visited NASA to learn about facilities and capabilities that enable the agency’s researchers to explore,

2,000-year-old remains of London's oldest Roman basilica discovered under office building - Remains of a civic basilica give archaeologists clues to what the original layout of Roman London looked like.

What the asteroid with a 1-in-48 chance of hitting Earth in 2032 looks like (images) - Astronomers have captured a new image of the asteroid 2024 YR4, which now has a 1 in 48 chance of hitting Earth in 2032.

2024 State-of-the-Art Small Spacecraft Technology Report is Released - NASA’s Small Spacecraft Systems Virtual Institute (S3VI) is pleased to announce the official release of the highly anticipated 2024 State-of-the-Art Small Spacecraft Technology report.

Welcome to the moon! Firefly's Blue Ghost lander reaches lunar orbit (video, photos) - Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost moon lander reached lunar orbit on Thursday (Feb. 13) and snapped some photos to commemorate the milestone.

We know about activity, but inactivity also impacts heart, brain health - Almost 6 decades ago 5 University of Texas students took the world’s laziest summer jobs.

'I thought I was dead': Terrifying video of humpback whale gobbling up kayaker explained - A humpback whale appeared to swallow then spit out a kayaker in a viral video filmed off the coast of Chile.

Conditions are Right for a Valentine’s Northern Lights Show — Here's Where to See It - This February 14, 2025, a solar storm will fuel the Aurora Borealis, creating an opportunity for a romantic moment.

How Sen's 4K live cameras on the ISS offer a new perspective from space (op-ed) - Sen aims to use the story-telling power of video to inspire, empowering everyone to witness planetary change and humanity's exploration of space.

AI used to design a multi-step enzyme that can digest some plastics - Enzyme mechanisms can be complex, and getting them to work is tricky.

Astronomers have brought you a space Valentine: The Tarantula of the cosmos - As the most intense star-forming region in the Local Group, 30 Doradus is of particular importance to astronomers.

Carbon Nanotube Particle Accelerators Could Outmuscle LHC - An exotic new approach could shrink kilometer-scale machines into table-top devices.

7 romantic sci-fi movies to cuddle up with on Valentine's Day - Here’s our list of the best cinematic sci-fi romance stories to prove that love is the one thing we're capable of perceiving that transcends dimensions of time and space.

Black holes vibe together in a cosmic love story for Valentine's Day written in the stars - Researchers have discovered that black holes engage in a cosmic dance and a star-lit meal to vibe with each other in a cosmic love story fit for Valentine's Day.

The Largest Sofa You Can Move Around a Corner - A new proof reveals the answer to the decades-old “moving sofa” problem.

What do ancient Egyptian mummies smell like? - For the first time, archaeologists have conducted a systematic study of the smells emanating from ancient Egyptian mummies using instruments and human sniffers.

Replacing trial and error: Molecular methods clear the way for faster and more cost-effective separations - The process of separating useful molecules from mixtures of other substances accounts for 15% of the nation's energy, emits 100 million tons of carbon dioxide and costs $4 billion annually.