Articles tagged with Fossil Records
A new 'rock clock' has been developed to date major climate events from the Cambrian Period, allowing precise constraints on the timing of environmental changes. This advancement enables the determination of the timing and duration of the DrumIan Carbon isotope Excursion (DICE), a major global climate disturbance.
Scientists discovered a 4-meter-long Polycotylus fossil with a huge tooth embedded in its neck vertebrae, suggesting a violent attack by an enormous bony fish called Xiphactinus. The fossil's internal structure was analyzed using CT scanning, revealing a three-dimensional model of the tooth and its attacker.
A nearly complete skeleton of Alnashetri cerropoliciensis has been discovered in Argentina, providing the first evidence of this enigmatic group of dinosaur. The fossil's age and anatomy reveal that these tiny animals existed when the continents were still connected as Pangaea.
The earliest known bird, Archaeopteryx, had unique mouth features such as oral papillae, tongue bones, and bill-tip organs. These structures suggest that early birds evolved specialized ways to find and digest food efficiently, which is key to flight. The discovery provides new criteria for identifying dinosaur fossils as birds.
A new study reveals that young sauropods were a key food source for Late Jurassic predators, with adults unable to care for their eggs and offspring. The research team mapped out a 'food web' of the time, finding that sauropods had a significant impact on their ecosystem.
Researchers used 'proxies' from the geological record to show that intense rainfall events were less regular during the Paleogene Period, which saw extreme warming. This challenges common assumptions about how wet places become wetter and drier with climate change.
Researchers from OIST found that the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction drove an unprecedented richness of vertebrate life, with gnathostomes dominating all others. The study linked the mass extinction pulses to increased speciation after millions of years, highlighting their role in shaping the evolution of vertebrates.
A study has identified fossilized vertebrate footprints from the Quaternary period in fossil dune deposits in Murcia, attributed to the straight-tusked elephant Palaeoloxodon antiquus. The trackway found at Torre de Cope suggests an adult elephant about 2.3 meters tall and weighing around 2.6 tonnes.
Researchers discovered fossilized bee nests in a Dominican Republic cave, containing pollen and matching modern bee nest structures. The nests, dated to around 20,000 years ago, were likely built by solitary bee species using saliva-dirt mixtures.
The discovery of a 66-million-year-old tooth in North Dakota, USA, reveals that mosasaurs may have hunted in freshwater environments as well as seas. The analysis of isotopes in the tooth's enamel suggests that the mosasaur preyed on freshwater animals and lived in a river-like area formerly connected to an ancient sea.
A new study using hyoid bone analysis has confirmed that Nanotyrannus was a distinct species from T. rex, with the fossil standing at 18 feet tall compared to the massive 40-foot long T. rex. The findings provide conclusive evidence for the existence of Nanotyrannus and shed light on its growth patterns and ecosystem dynamics.
Dinosaurs operated with a 'latchkey kid' approach, with young offspring independent and foraging alone after just a few months. This led to an increased number of functional species in dinosaur fossil communities compared to modern mammals.
A new paper published in Science reveals that Nanotyrannus is nearly fully grown and not an immature T. rex, while also providing insights into how giant predators achieved terrifying sizes quickly.
Researchers discovered a new 233-million-year-old nonflying relative of pterosaurs that provided breakthrough insights into the evolution of flight in these animals. The study found that pterosaurs evolved their own 'flight computers' from scratch, with unique brain structures and smaller brain sizes compared to birds.
Researchers found over 800 vertebrate fossils from a small area, including dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures. The discovery provides valuable insights into the evolution of European dinosaur faunas during the Late Cretaceous period.
The discovery sheds light on marine ecosystems' rapid recovery and complexification after the end-Permian mass extinction. The Spitsbergen fossil deposit reveals diverse marine reptiles, including archosauromorphs and ichthyosaurs, with some species reaching 5m in length.
A newly discovered carnivorous lizard, Tainrakuasuchus bellator, lived 240 million years ago and resembled a dinosaur due to its armour-plated body. The species was among the top predators of its time in Brazil during the Triassic Period.
Researchers discovered a common parasite of modern oysters has been infecting bivalves for hundreds of millions of years. The parasite, belonging to the spionid group, has remained largely unchanged despite multiple mass extinction events.
Salterella, a tiny Cambrian creature, has been reclassified with cnidarians due to its unique shell structure and mineral composition. The research team suggests that Salterella's shell served a distinct purpose, possibly related to feeding or stability.
A 430-million-year-old fossil found in Wisconsin reveals that ancient leeches feasted on smaller marine creatures, challenging the assumption that they are bloodsuckers. The absence of a forward sucker in the fossil suggests a different early lifestyle for the group known as Hirudinida.
A new ichthyosaur species, Eurhinosaurus mistelgauensis, has been described from the Mistelgau fossil site in Bavaria, Germany. The species shares striking similarities with dolphins and tuna, featuring a pronounced overbite similar to modern swordfish.
A new study explores why certain parts of reptiles, such as lizard jaws and snake vertebrae, are more likely to be preserved as fossils. The research reveals that physical characteristics like bone density and body size, as well as the environment in which the animals lived and died, are major predictors of fossil completeness.
New evidence suggests that giant spinosaurs, like Spinosaurus, had their roots in Europe. A Spanish species, Camarillasaurus cirugedae, was found to be a close relative of North African spinosaurs.
Researchers discovered a 310-million-year-old fossilized ray-finned fish, Platysomus parvulus, which had a unique 'tongue bite' mechanism to devour prey. This ancient fish's internal anatomy revealed a sophisticated arrangement of tooth plates and gill skeleton, providing insights into the evolution of fish feeding strategies.
A tiny fossil of a sea creature from over half a billion years ago sheds light on the evolution of arthropods, revealing a brain similar to that of living crustaceans. The discovery suggests that the split between the two largest groups of arthropods was more nuanced and complicated than previously thought.
UNLV anthropologist Brian Villmoare and an international team discovered new fossils in Ethiopia that indicate Australopithecus and Homo species coexisted between 2.6 and 2.8 million years ago. The findings suggest a more complex tree-like pattern of human evolution, challenging the traditional linear model.
Scientists reconstructed the brain, heart, and fins of a 400-million-year-old fish called Norselaspis glacialis. The study found that its acute senses and powerful heart evolved well before jaws and teeth, suggesting a fast-swimming lifestyle was key to evading predators.
The discovery of exceptionally preserved early animals in the Grand Canyon sheds new light on the evolution of life during the Cambrian period. The fossils, dating back 507-502 million years, reveal complex feeding styles and unique adaptations, including hair-like extensions on crustacean bodies.
A new analysis of a 500 million-year-old fossil suggests that arachnids, including spiders and scorpions, evolved in the ocean before adapting to land. The discovery was made by studying the brain and nervous system of an ancient marine arthropod called Mollisonia symmetrica.
Researchers at the University of Missouri have confirmed a more nuanced view of the Mazon Creek fossil site, using modern data analysis techniques to assess paleoenvironmental and taphonomic nature. The study reveals three identifiable paleoenvironments, including transitional habitats between nearshore and offshore zones.
A Smithsonian-led team has discovered North America's oldest known pterosaur, dating back to the late Triassic period around 209 million years ago. The fossilized jawbone of the new species was found alongside hundreds of other fossils, including a turtle with spike-like armor and an ancient frog relative.
A groundbreaking study of 7000-year-old fossilized coral reefs reveals that human fishing has transformed Caribbean reef food webs. Shark populations have declined by 75%, while prey fish species have doubled in abundance and grown 17% larger on modern reefs.
A recent study published in Current Biology found that sauropods, a type of herbivorous dinosaur, relied heavily on their gut microbes for digestion. The analysis of plant fossils in the dinosaur's gut suggests that they engaged in minimal oral processing and instead ate bulk feeders.
Scientists have developed new markers to identify three key megafauna species in Australia, including a wombat the size of a hippo and a giant kangaroo. The discovery could provide crucial evidence about prehistoric ecosystems and help understand future extinctions.
A nearly complete fossil of Westlothiana lizziae, a four-legged creature, has been dated to 346 million years ago, shedding new light on the evolution of amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals. This age places the specimens in Romer's Gap, a pivotal time period where water-dwelling fish transitioned to land animals.
New research from the University of Chicago reveals that dentine, the inner layer of teeth, first evolved as sensory tissue in ancient fish. Fossil studies confirm that early vertebrates used sensory organs in their armor to sense conditions in the water, similar to modern arthropods.
A University of Queensland-led research team used advanced digital modelling techniques to reconstruct the Phoenix Trackway, a 70-meter-long set of footprints made by a two-legged predator. The study reveals the dinosaur walked at a steady 5.3 km/h, stood 1.13 meters tall, and weighed up to 292 kilograms.
Researchers have made new discoveries about the ancient bird Archaeopteryx, including its ability to fly and its evolutionary history. The Chicago specimen, a well-preserved fossil found in Germany, provides insights into the species' cranial kinesis and soft tissues, challenging previous assumptions about its behavior.
A study by the University of Leicester has successfully linked fossilised footprints to distinct groups of pterosaurs, shedding light on their lifestyles and behaviors. The discovery supports the idea that pterosaurs underwent a major ecological shift during the middle part of the Mesozoic era.
A study from the University of Lausanne reveals that larger animals and those with higher protein content tend to create reducing conditions more rapidly, which slow down decay and trigger fossilization. This explains why some ancient fossils are dominated by arthropods and others remain lost to time.
Researchers have discovered footprints of ankylosaurid armoured dinosaurs, known as Ruopodosaurus clava, in the Canadian Rockies. The 100-million-year-old fossilized footprints provide evidence that tail-clubbed ankylosaurs were alive and well in North America during a previously unknown period.
A new study led by UCL researchers found that the quality of the dinosaur fossil record worsened during the final 6 million years prior to the asteroid impact. The team analyzed over 8,000 fossils and estimated that dinosaurs may have been doing better than previously suggested in the lead-up to the asteroid impact.
Researchers created a timeline for bacterial evolution and oxygen adaptation using genomic data, fossils, and Earth's geochemical history. Their findings suggest that some bacteria could use trace oxygen long before evolving photosynthesis.
Researchers developed a model that predicts how creatures like clams and snails flourished in warmer, less-oxygenated waters after the end-Permian extinction. The findings suggest that climate change provided an environmental explanation for the global presence of surviving species.
Fossil discovery in Australia rewrote the evolutionary history of theropod dinosaurs, revealing a predator hierarchy unique to Cretaceous Australia. The findings showcase the world's oldest known megaraptorid fossils and the first evidence of carcharodontosaurs in Australia.
A new study describes a nearly complete bird skull from Antarctica, revealing insights into the early evolution of today's birds and avian diversity. The skull belongs to Vegavis iaai, an extinct duck-like bird that lived during the Late Cretaceous period.
Researchers suggest earliest dinosaurs emerged in hot, arid environments of low-latitude Gondwana, filling gaps in fossil record. This finding provides a potential origin for the iconic creatures, contradicting previous assumptions.
The Virginia Tech analysis extends the chart of life by nearly 1.5 billion years, mapping the rise and fall of ancient life from the Proterozoic Eon. The study reveals that global ice ages accelerated the pace of evolution in species counts.
A new species of flying reptiles, Melkamter pateko, has been discovered in the late Early Jurassic of Chubut province, Argentina. The find pushes back the origin of the advanced pterodactyloids by 15 million years, suggesting a more complex evolutionary history.
Researchers from UC Riverside have identified the oldest known ecdysozoan, Uncus dzaugisi, dating back to the Precambrian period. This discovery fills a significant gap in understanding the origins of this diverse animal group, which includes nematodes, arthropods, and scalidophora.
A new fossil mammal, Heleocola piceanus, has been discovered in Colorado, dating back to the Late Cretaceous period. The animal, estimated to weigh 2 pounds or more, is a rare find among mammals from this time period.
The painting in the La Belle France cave is believed to be the world's oldest known piece of paleo-art depicting an extinct mammal-like reptile called a dicynodont. The San people were engaging in palaeontology long before Western scientists, and their artwork provides compelling evidence of this.
The study found a recent reversal of fortunes in the Adriatic Sea, with populations of marine predators and their prey plummeting and being replaced by a single species. The researchers used seafloor environments to determine interactions between species, showing a decline in biodiversity and excess nutrients.
A new study reveals that Earth's surface temperature has varied more greatly over the past 485 million years than previously thought. The study, co-led by the Smithsonian and University of Arizona, confirms that carbon dioxide is strongly correlated with global temperatures across geological time.
Researchers have discovered a remarkably preserved fossil site in Massachusetts that provides a rare glimpse into terrestrial life from over 300 million years ago. The findings reveal a diverse ecosystem of early land-dwelling animals and plants, including some of the oldest known examples of their groups.
Scientists have discovered that some pterosaurs flew by flapping their wings while others soared like vultures. The new findings were made possible by the discovery of remarkably well-preserved fossils in Jordan, including a species with a five-meter wingspan and unique internal structures.
Scientists have discovered a new species of sauropod dinosaur, Qunkasaura pintiquiniestra, from the Cretaceous period in Spain. The fossil record reveals that Europe was home to both endemic and immigrant sauropods, challenging previous assumptions about regional isolation.
A team of experts discovered a dugongine sea cow attacked by an ancient crocodile and tiger shark, shedding light on prehistoric food chains. The fossils showed signs of both active predation and scavenging, providing new insights into the region's food chain networks during the Miocene epoch.
A team of sedimentologists and stratigraphers found that gap regularity, not incompleteness, determines evolutionary history reconstruction. Incompleteness can be overcome with geological knowledge, enabling accurate reconstruction of evolution hundreds of millions of years ago.
Researchers at Harvard University used confocal laser microscopy to examine ancient fossils of tardigrades, revealing a new species and confirming the existence of four previously unknown specimens. The study sheds light on the evolutionary history of tardigrades, including their ability to survive extreme conditions.