Articles tagged with Phylogenetics
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
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Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
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Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
A study found that cultivating tobacco with its wild relative can erase genetic barriers, allowing normally fatal hybrids to survive. This process, called genome shock, neutralizes lethal gene combinations, potentially leading to the creation of new plant species.
A new study in Systematic Entomology reveals that evasive butterfly mimicry in the genus Adelpha may be a rare and overlooked type of mimicry. The researchers found that Adelpha butterflies use speed and unpredictability as a defense mechanism, making them difficult to catch for birds and other predators.
The new tool offers a comprehensive phylogenetic dataset that syncs with current taxonomy, allowing users to trace any bird's lineage and explore major evolutionary milestones. Birders can also visualize their eBird life list in context of bird orders, families, and genera.
Researchers found that the green-flowered Aeschynanthus acuminatus evolved on the mainland, not in Taiwan, and adapted to shorter-beaked birds. This contradicts the Grant-Stebbins model of plant evolution, which predicted the species would evolve in Taiwan with new pollinators.
Dr. Jeremy Horowitz has been selected for The Oceanography Society Early Career Award for his contributions to advancing black coral taxonomy, including new species and families. His work combines classical morphological taxonomy with phylogenomics and bioinformatics to describe new taxa and reconstruct evolutionary histories.
A team of international scientists led by Dr M. Eleonora Rossi from the University of Bristol reconstructed sponge skeleton evolution, finding that spicules evolved independently in different groups. This discovery challenges previous estimates of sponge origin and sheds light on early animal diversification.
Research shows that ants with less protective armor, such as cuticle investment, tend to have larger colony sizes and are more successful in terms of diversification rates. This suggests that complex societies like humans may evolve by sacrificing individual quality for collective power.
A groundbreaking new study sheds light on the conditions needed for early organisms to evolve and challenges long-standing scientific theories. The research indicates that complex organisms evolved around 2.9 billion years ago, significantly earlier than previously believed.
Researchers at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute used a new method to determine which animal evolved first, finding support for the sponge hypothesis. The study suggests that sponges are rooted at the base of the animal tree of life, contrary to previous theories suggesting comb jelly ancestors.
Researchers at OIST develop a new method harnessing 'jumping genes' to recreate the termite tree of life, providing a template for solving ancient evolutionary mysteries. The study achieves similar accuracy to trees built from thousands of protein marker sequence alignments.
A new study reveals rising rates of invasive SDSE infections across Australia, particularly among older Australians and those from remote regions. The research highlights disparities in health outcomes between regions and populations, emphasizing the need for improved surveillance and prevention strategies.
New research reveals fungi's deep timeline, dating back 1.4-0.9 billion years, which influenced ancient terrestrial ecosystems and shaped the evolution of life on land. The study uses rare genetic 'gene-swap' clues to overcome the fungal fossil record gap.
The book, 'Understanding the Tree of Life,' offers a fresh perspective on evolution as a continuous, branching process where all organisms are interconnected cousins. It challenges outdated views that place humans at the pinnacle of evolution or label certain species as primitive, emphasizing shared traits alongside unique adaptations.
A tiny fossil of a sea creature from over half a billion years ago sheds light on the evolution of arthropods, revealing a brain similar to that of living crustaceans. The discovery suggests that the split between the two largest groups of arthropods was more nuanced and complicated than previously thought.
Genomic analysis reveals amblyopsid species lost vision between 2.25 and 11.3 million years ago, allowing researchers to estimate minimum age of caves. The study provides a unique method for dating underground ecosystems and may hold implications for human eye diseases.
Researchers have finally pinned down the genomic, epigenomic, and cellular landscape of the enigmatic arrow worm, connecting its unique genetic markup to specialized cell-types. The study reveals an unprecedented rate of gene genesis and duplication, as well as a unique method of chromosomal organization.
PhyNetPy aims to create a unified framework for phylogenetic networks, enabling widespread use of complex models of evolutionary history. The project seeks to bridge the gap between phylogenetics and population genetics communities.
A new international study provides deep insights into the genomes of superorganisms by analyzing the genetic basis of ant evolution. The researchers sequenced and compared the genomes of over 140 ant species, uncovering a series of evolutionary innovations that led to the emergence of distinct queen and worker castes.
A new species of pterosaur, Nipponopterus mifunensis, has been discovered in Japan, providing crucial insight into the diversity and evolution of pterosaurs in East Asia. The fossil, found in the Mifune Group geological formation, features striking characteristics not seen in any previously known species.
A New Zealand study supports the theory of punctuated equilibrium, which suggests that evolution occurs in short, intense periods followed by long stretches of stability. The research confirms rapid evolutionary change coincides with species branching, potentially leading to its wider acceptance.
Scientists have discovered that leprosy, caused by bacteria Mycobacterium lepromatosis, has been infecting humans in the Americas for at least 1,000 years. The study analyzed DNA from ancient human remains and recent clinical cases, confirming that the disease was already widespread in North and South America before European colonization.
A study found that bumblebees are twice as likely to visit yellow flowers compared to red ones, with increased scent emission being a key factor. However, the shape of the flowers presented problems for bees, hindering efficient pollen transfer.
A team of engineers developed ROADIES, a scalable, automated, and user-friendly tool that allows scientists to infer species trees directly from raw genome data. This enables more efficient biological research and application in fields such as medicine and conservation.
New research reveals that bird species with hard-to-get tree cavities have evolved heightened aggression in females. The study found a set of genes consistently altered in the brains of these birds, mirroring molecular similarity across lineages.
Researchers at Hokkaido University have successfully cultivated an ultrasmall bacterial strain that parasitizes methanogenic archaea, inhibiting their growth. This discovery represents the first successful cultivation of such bacteria and proposes a new phylum Minisyncoccota, advancing our understanding of microbial ecology.
Hainan Island's unique floristic division is a result of its southeast movement since the Oligocene. The island's phylogenetic patterns support an anti-clockwise rotation during this movement, influenced by land bridge connections with China mainland after the Middle Miocene.
Two proteins, viperins and argonautes, play important roles in human immunity, originating from Asgard archaea. These defense systems have been passed down for billions of years, providing a crucial line of defense against viruses.
A new study published in Aging explores the potential of three large DNA methylation datasets to identify biological age signals in dogs. The researchers found that biological age methylation clocks are affected by population stratification and require heavy parameterization to achieve effective predictions.
A new species of extinct crocodile relative, Benggwigwishingasuchus eremicarminis, has been discovered in Nevada, USA. The species reveals that pseudosuchian archosaurs ruled the shores across the Middle Triassic globe between 247.2 and 237 million years ago.
A study published in Ecology Letters found that humans have a greater impact on alien species diversity than geographic variables on most islands. Human factors such as colonisation pressure, habitat modification, and connectivity drive disparities in functional and phylogenetic diversity.
Scientists found that ferns and flowering plants evolved similar nectaries independently to attract ant bodyguards. This suggests a shared evolutionary framework for these plant lineages.
Researchers analyzed genomes of 363 bird species and found significant variations in cryptochrome 4 gene, indicating adaptation to environmental conditions. This specialization could be related to magnetoreception in migratory birds.
A new analysis of the sunflower family tree shows that flower symmetry evolved multiple times independently among its members. The research, led by Penn State biologist Hong Ma, used low-coverage genome sequences to increase the number of species available for comparison and resolved more of the finer branches of the family tree.
A recent study examined the development and reproductive biology of Dermaptera families, supporting their systematic membership to Polyneoptera. The results also indicated that forceps-like pincers and elaborate maternal care for eggs and young larvae emerged in parallel, according to researchers.
A new study refutes previous research suggesting Spinosaurus was an aquatic pursuit predator, highlighting methodological flaws and low accuracy of phylogenetic flexible discriminant analysis. The researchers provide guidelines for future studies to use with caution when applying this methodology to limited datasets.
The study reveals that a limited number of exceptional fossil preservation sites can significantly impact the global availability of phylogenetic data. This distortion can affect our understanding of bird, scaly reptile, and dinosaur evolution.
A new study led by the Smithsonian identifies five new species of soft-furred hedgehogs from Southeast Asia, using DNA analysis and physical characteristics. The two new species, Hylomys vorax and H. macarong, are endemic to the endangered Leuser ecosystem in North Sumatra and Southern Vietnam.
Researchers developed a novel gene mining strategy using phylogenetic profiling and machine learning to identify salt stress-related genes in Spartina alterniflora. The study found that highly co-evolved genes were involved in ion transport, detoxification metabolism, and response to toxic substances.
A study found that host physiology, rather than phylogenomic relatedness, is a reliable predictor of genetic circuit performance in Gammaproteobacteria hosts. The researchers discovered the 'chassis effect' by characterizing the performance of a genetic inverter circuit in six different bacterial species.
A recent study on Roosmalens' dwarf porcupine has revealed new information about its distribution in the Madeira biogeographical province of the Amazon Forest. The research found that the species is likely endemic to this region and has a wider distribution in southern Amazonia than previously thought.
Researchers found a correlation between skeleton complexity and bird diversity, with less complex birds having higher species richness. Birds with more complex skeletons are more ecologically specialised, occupying fewer habitats and foraging in fewer ways, making them more vulnerable to environmental changes.
Researchers have discovered that eukaryotes, including plants, animals, and fungi, share a common ancestor among the Asgards. The team identified a newly described order called the Hodarchaeales as the closest microbial relative to all complex life forms on the tree of life.
Soil archaea in a warming climate become less diverse and more predictable, according to a long-term experiment led by Jizhong Zhou. The study found that experimental warming altered the community structure of soil archaea, reducing their taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity.
Researchers have proposed a new evolutionary model for the origin of the Bamfordvirae kingdom of viruses, suggesting a billion-year evolutionary arms race between two groups and their hosts. The study reveals strong evidence against a sister relationship between adenoviruses and NCLDVs, instead supporting a common ancestor with Mavericks.
Researchers propose that 'lager yeast' S. pastorianus originated from a contamination event involving S. cerevisiae at the Duke's court brewery in Munich in 1602. The new findings suggest that lagers likely first emerged in Bavaria at least two hundred years earlier than previously thought.
A dolphin-like species of kentriodontid, which lived in the western North Pacific, may have gone extinct 14 million years ago. Global cooling is thought to be a key factor in their extinction.
Evans' five-year grant will examine how modularity affects the evolution of complex biological structures and provide a framework for their study. The research could advance our understanding of shape change in other complex structures and have cultural and historical significance.
Researchers from DePaul University studied small mammals in eastern Paraguay's Atlantic Forest remnants to understand biodiversity and its relation to forest edges. They found that species richness and abundance increase closer to the edge, while phylogenetic diversity is higher in interior sites.
A new study by the University of Bath suggests that diving birds like penguins and puffins are more prone to extinction than non-diving birds. The research found that diving evolved independently 14 times and led to a loss of evolutionary diversity in these species.
A new genus and species of algae called Protocodium sinense has been discovered in China, providing new insight into the early diversification of the plant kingdom. The fossils are remarkably modern-looking and suggest that green algae were already established in shallow waters as carbon dioxide recyclers and oxygen producers before th...
Researchers found 87 genes affected by deletions or short insertions in the woolly mammoth genome, potentially impacting its adaptability to cold environments. These changes may have contributed to unique traits such as fur growth and hair shape.
A new study predicts that climate change will drastically alter bird communities globally, affecting both numbers and types of species. Phylogenetic diversity, a measure of species relationships, is also expected to decline in tropical regions.
Research predicts that bird species extinction will decrease morphological diversity among remaining birds at a rate greater than species loss alone. Birds with extreme features are most likely to be affected, including the largest and smallest species, as well as regions like the Himalayan mountains and south Vietnam/Cambodia.
Scientists from OIST and colleagues reveal that Kamptozoa and Bryozoa belong together, contrary to previous studies. Using high-quality sequencing technology, they found the two phyla split from mollusks and worms earlier than thought, forming a distinct group.
New research challenges centuries-old scholarship on animal classification by morphology, instead favoring molecular data for a better fit with geographical distribution. Convergent evolution is found to be widespread and often misleading, with famous examples such as flight in birds, bats, and insects
Two new species of Amazonian fish have been discovered and described by Smithsonian researcher Murilo Pastana, one with vibrant red-orange fins and another that is technically a miniature fish. The species are at risk of extinction due to deforestation in the region where they inhabit.
Scientists discovered that animals likely evolved asymmetric gaits 472 million years ago, with evidence of crutching and bounding in ancient fish and crocodiles. The study suggests that many modern species have lost this ability due to evolution or size constraints.
A new molecular study of grasses reveals a clear picture of their evolutionary relationships, shedding light on the evolution of C4 photosynthesis involved in heat and drought tolerance. The research provides evidence that this type of photosynthesis evolved independently multiple times within different grass lineages.
Researchers from Harvard University have confirmed a previously unknown species as the second opabiniid to be discovered, Utaurora comosa. The ancient arthropod shares characteristics with both radiodonts and Opabinia, highlighting the complexity of Cambrian evolution.
Two new species of goby fish, Rhinogobius estrellae and Rhinogobius tandikan, have been discovered in Palawan, Philippines. The discovery expands the genus Rhinogobius' known range further south than previously seen.