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Researchers confirm cause of Earth’s biggest mass extinction

A new Stanford-led study confirms the primary cause of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, which wiped out 96% of marine species and 70% of land animals. The research reveals that organisms with slower metabolisms and more vulnerable conditions were disproportionately affected by warming oceans and decreased oxygen availability.

SourceStanford University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateJul 9, 2026

Fossils reveal rapid land recovery after end-Permian extinction

Researchers discovered that tropical riparian ecosystems recovered rapidly within two million years of the end-Permian mass extinction, indicating a faster-than-thought adaptation. This finding contradicts previous theories on ecosystem recovery and suggests that life on land may have been more resilient than previously believed.

SourceeLife·JournaleLife·DateFeb 18, 2025

265-million-year-old fossil reveals oldest, largest predator in South America, long before the rise of dinosaurs

A 265-million-year-old fossil discovery in Brazil yields the oldest and largest known predator in South America, predating the rise of dinosaurs. The exquisitely preserved Pampaphoneus biccai had a skull over 40cm long and sharp canine teeth adapted for capturing prey.

SourceHarvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology·JournalZoological Journal of the Linnean Society·DateSep 12, 2023

New discovery of sunscreen-like chemicals in fossil plants reveals UV radiation played a part in mass extinction events

Scientists detected compounds in 250 million-year-old pollen grains that function like sunscreen, suggesting UV-B radiation played a key role in the end-Permian mass extinction event. The discovery supports the theory of palaeoclimate emergency triggered by volcanic eruptions and global warming.

SourceUniversity of Nottingham·JournalScience Advances·TypeExperimental study·DateJan 6, 2023

Three critical factors in the end-Permian mass extinction

The end-Permian mass extinction was characterized by a 10-degree climate warming, with 75% of organisms going extinct on land and 90% in oceans. Machine learning analysis reveals that declining oxygen levels, rising water temperatures, and ocean acidification were the key factors in organism survival or extinction.

SourceUniversity of Hamburg·JournalPaleobiology·TypeData/statistical analysis·DateMar 1, 2022