Articles tagged with Electron Shells
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
A team of scientists used synchrotron light to explore low-valent uranium compounds, accurately identifying the three-valent oxidation state in uranium. The findings shed new light on actinide bonding and demonstrate how uranium's 5f electrons respond to changes in their environment.
The distribution of outermost shell electrons was experimentally observed in organic molecules, revealing a fragmented electron cloud distribution. This demonstrates the quantum mechanical wave nature of electrons and validates a theoretical model proposed by quantum chemistry.
Researchers at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin used Auger photo-electron coincidence spectroscopy to study the occupation of outer d-orbital shells in copper, nickel, and cobalt. The results confirm known findings for copper and nickel, but reveal highly delocalized d electrons in cobalt.
Researchers used a COLTRIMS reaction microscope to determine the duration of an electron's release after photon absorption. The study found that the emission time depends on the direction and velocity of the electron, revealing a complex interplay between quantum physics and molecular dynamics.
Researchers at IOCB Prague develop a method to prepare metallic water without high pressure, by dissolving electrons from alkali metal in water vapor. The resulting solution lasts several seconds and contains dissolved alkali cations and hydroxide and hydrogen.
Researchers at Max Born Institute observe terahertz radiation from electrons localized in liquid water, displaying a frequency between 0.2 and 1.5 THz. The emission persists for up to 40 ps, with surprisingly weak damping, allowing for potential manipulation.
Researchers at TU Wien discovered a new type of electron emission in carbon materials like graphite, where electrons are emitted with a precise energy of 3.7 eV. The symmetry-breaking electrons cause the material to emit electrons with the properties of two different states simultaneously.
Scientists have discovered a material that expands dramatically at low temperatures, mimicking water's expansion when frozen. The researchers used x-rays and theoretical descriptions to explain the phenomenon, which is attributed to the Kondo effect and could lead to new alloys for aviation and other applications.
Scientists successfully track oscillations with a period of about 150 attoseconds, revealing the temporal decay of quantum interference. This experiment paves the way for new applications in studying atomic and molecular processes triggered by high-energy radiation.
Researchers from UNSW Sydney have created artificial atoms in silicon chips that provide improved stability for quantum computing. The artificial atoms, with shells of electrons whizzing around the centre, offer robust qubits that can be reliably used for calculations.
Ion beams use ions to create complex atomic effects, releasing slow electrons that destroy DNA of cancer cells. Researchers at TU Wien discovered interatomic Coulombic decay, a previously little-observed effect, plays a pivotal role in this context.
Researchers at the University of Zurich's XENON1T detector have observed the slowest atom decay ever measured, with a half-life time over a trillion times longer than the age of the universe. This rare process, called double electron capture, was detected for the first time and has implications for understanding dark matter.
Researchers at NIST boost ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by up to five times using a special shell design, enhancing applications in polymer curing, water purification and medical disinfection. The new LEDs utilize p-i-n core-shell nanowire heterostructures with added aluminum, improving electroluminescence efficiency.
Researchers at PTB have successfully measured some important properties of the thorium-229 nucleus using optical methods, bringing scientists closer to developing an optical nuclear clock. This breakthrough uses laser excitation to monitor the nucleus's behavior and could lead to a more precise atomic clock.
Hollow atoms, created in labs, have electrons that can quickly lose energy through interatomic coulomb decay. This effect is important for understanding the helpful effects of ionizing radiation in cancer therapy and causing DNA damage.
Low-energy electrons affect insulators in electronic systems and cause radiation damage in human and biological tissue. Researchers have devised a technique called the aerosol overlayer method to measure electron movement, separating core and shell interactions.
Scientists create arrays of nanocontainers with tailored interaction strengths by mimicking electron valency in atoms. The approach enables plasmonic sensors and electrocatalysts, showcasing a new aspect of atom mimicry for nanotechnology applications.
Researchers from ETH Zurich and an international group of physicists successfully track and control the movement of electrons in molecules. They observed the migration of electrons along a linear molecule, demonstrating that this process can be controlled with a time resolution of 100 attoseconds.
Researchers track attosecond processes in methyl fluoride and methyl bromide molecules, revealing restructuring of electron shells caused by ionizing laser pulses. This method opens up new possibilities for studying fine chemical processes critical to molecular biology.
Researchers developed a hybrid approach combining core-loss spectroscopy and ultrafast four-dimensional electron microscopy to visualize structural dynamics of atomic-scale materials. The technique revealed tiny electronic changes in individual atoms within a material on ultrafast time scales.
Researchers at USC found that aluminum 'superatoms' exhibit superconductivity at temperatures around 100 Kelvin, a significant increase from bulk aluminum metal. This discovery raises the possibility of creating ultraefficient electronic devices, such as laptops and power grids, with minimal energy loss.
Scientists at DESY's X-ray source PETRA III and Carnegie Institution created new compounds like Na3Cl and NaCl3 under high pressure, violating classical chemistry rules. These discoveries pave the way for a more universal understanding of chemistry and potential novel applications.
Using the world's most powerful X-ray laser, researchers observed an unprecedented charge state by ejecting dozens of electrons from a xenon atom. The discovery reveals new insights into heavy atoms and could have practical applications in research and industry.
Researchers from Aarhus University and CERN's NA63 collaboration successfully measured the time it takes for an electron to form a photon. By guiding the electron through two flat gold foils, they created a measurable distance between them, which corresponds to the length of the photon formation process.
Researchers have successfully created a Bose-Einstein condensate of strontium atoms, paving the way for more precise clocks and potential advancements in quantum computing. The achievement is a major breakthrough in ultracold chemistry.
Physicists at Michigan Technological University have calculated electron affinities for all 15 lanthanide elements, filling in long-standing gaps on the periodic table. The complex atomic structure of lanthanides made it challenging to calculate their electron affinities due to varying subshell configurations and complex variables.
Researchers create ultrafast stopwatch capable of measuring atomic processes with an accuracy of less than 100 attoseconds. The device uses a combination of X-ray flashes and laser light pulses to detect electrons emitted by atoms, providing insights into chemical reactions and material synthesis.