EVANSTON, Ill. --- The bitter polarization between the Republican and Democratic parties in the U.S. has been on the rise since Newt Gingrich's partisan combat against President Bill Clinton in the 1990s. But according to a new Northwestern University-led study, disdain for the opposing political party now -- and for the first time on record -- outweighs affection for one's own party.
The study, titled "Political sectarianism in America," will be published Oct. 30 by the journal Science . The authors provide a broad survey of current scientific literature to interpret the current state of politics.
The paper introduces the construct of "political sectarianism" to describe the phenomenon. Political sectarianism has the hallmarks of religious fervor, such as sin, public shaming and apostasy. But unlike traditional sectarianism, where political identity is secondary to religion, political identity is primary.
"The current state of political sectarianism produces prejudice, discrimination and cognitive distortion, undermining the ability of government to serve its core functions of representing the people and solving the nation's problems," said lead author Eli Finkel. "Along the way, it makes people increasingly willing to support candidates who undermine democracy and to favor violence in support of their political goals."
Finkel is professor of social psychology with appointments at Northwestern's Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences and Kellogg School of Management.
To ensure that their synthesis captured the collective knowledge base, Finkel recruited coauthors from six academic disciplines: political science, psychology, sociology, economics, management and computational social science.
A systematic review of dozens of published research studies led the authors to identify three key ingredients of political sectarianism, which, when combined, form the "poisonous cocktail" seen today. They include seeing the other side as different (othering), as dislikeable (aversion) and as immoral (moralization).
Using nationally representative survey data since the 1970s, the authors calculated the difference between Americans' warm feelings toward their fellow partisans and their cold feelings toward opposing partisans. While feelings toward fellow partisans have remained consistently warm, feelings toward opposing partisans have chilled further from tepid to frosty. Indeed, those feelings have grown so frigid that they now exceed warm feelings toward fellow partisans, turning out-party hate into the dominant feeling in American politics.
"Things have gotten much more severe in the past decade, and there is no sign we've hit bottom," said co-author James Druckman, Payson S. Wilder Professor of political science and Institute for Policy Research fellow at Northwestern. "As much as the parties differ from one another, partisans perceive even greater differences, believing, for example, that the other party is ideologically extreme, engaged and hostile. Correcting these types of misperceptions could partially vitiate sectarianism."
The researchers identify the multiple causes of political sectarianism and suggest potential approaches to address and mitigate it. The three causes include:
A proposed behavioral intervention includes correcting misperceptions of opposing partisans and encouraging people to engage in cross-party interactions.
"If the differences between Democrats and Republicans really were as extreme as Americans believe, that could help to explain the contempt," Finkel observes. "But these differences exist more in people's heads than in reality. There's a whole lot of common ground, but Americans struggle to see it."
Finkel offers that simply reminding people of what they have in common reduces out-party hate.
The researchers advise that structural fixes are also required, including tweaking social media algorithms to limit the reach of false or hyperpartisan content and incentivizing politicians to appeal to a broader proportion of Americans. Reforms around campaign finance and partisan gerrymandering are suggested as ways to reduce sectarianizing behaviors and to generate more robust competition in the marketplace of ideas.
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Additional co-authors include Christopher A. Bail, Duke University; Mina Cikara, Harvard University; Peter H. Ditto, University of California-Irvine; Shanto Iyengar, Stanford University; Samara Klar, University of Arizona, Tucson; Lilliana Mason, University of Maryland; Mary C. McGrath, Northwestern University; Brendan Nyhan, Dartmouth College; David G. Rand, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Linda J. Skitka, University of Illinois-Chicago; Joshua A. Tucker, New York University; Jay J. Van Bavel, New York University; and Cynthia S. Wang, Northwestern University.
Science