A study of more than 7,500 children, ages 1 to 9 years, in Sudan, where malaria vectors have moderate levels of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, found that indoor nonpyrethroid insecticide spraying was more effective at reducing malaria incidence than indoor pyrethroid insecticide spraying, and that the increase in cost of using the nonpyrethroid insecticide was USD 0.65 per person protected each year, suggesting that pyrethroid resistance may have had an effect on pyrethroid-based indoor insecticide spraying.
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Article #17-13814: "Impact of insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis on malaria incidence and prevalence in Sudan and the costs of mitigation," by Hmooda Toto Kafy et al.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences