A new study from McMaster University involving 2.8 million children around the world has revealed the most important early-life factors that influence whether a child becomes allergic to food.
The study, one of the largest of its kind to examine food allergies, furthers our understanding of how allergies develop, concluding that a combination of genetic, environmental, microbial and social factors influence allergies, rather than a single cause.
To come to their findings, researchers carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of 190 studies on childhood food allergy, including those that confirmed allergy using gold-standard food challenge testing. The study, published in JAMA Pediatrics on Feb. 9, 2026, found that about five per cent of children develop a food allergy by age six.
“Our study highlights that genetics alone cannot fully explain food allergy trends, pointing to interactions – or a ‘perfect storm’ – between genes, skin health, the microbiome, and environmental exposures,” says Derek Chu , senior author of the study, assistant professor with McMaster’s Departments of Medicine and Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact.
The study systematically examined over 340 different factors that may influence allergy. Some of the identified early-life factors that raised the risk of food allergies included:
The findings help identify which infants are most at risk and could benefit most from early prevention strategies. The study also revealed early-life factors that were not associated a higher risk of allergies to food for children, including low birthweight, post-term birth, partial breastfeeding, material diet and stress during pregnancy.
“This study has broadened our understanding of food allergies. Future studies should measure and adjust for the same key factors, include more diverse populations, and use food challenge testing more often. New randomized clinical trials and updated guidelines are urgently needed to move our findings into action,” Chu says. “Designed studies that measure and adjust for the same key factors, include more diverse populations, and use food‑challenge testing more often.”
The research was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the AAAAI/ACAAI Joint Task Force on Allergy Practice Parameters.
JAMA Pediatrics
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.6105
Risk Factors for the Development of Food Allergy in Infants and Children
9-Feb-2026