"Rocks contain fingerprint-like clues to the past environment through specific variations in elements such as sulfur," explained Carnegie researcher Shuhei Ono.1 "Our Earth didn't start out with oxygen in the atmosphere. It probably contained methane and hydrogen, but no oxygen. We think that there were microbes in the oceans, before the oxygenated atmosphere, which would have used methane for energy. Measuring sulfur isotopes--different versions of the atom with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons--in rock samples provides a sensitive way to monitor ancient oxygen levels. Oxygen first appeared on the surface of the Earth when microbes developed the capacity to split water molecules to produce O2 using the Sun's energy. This is a bit advanced biochemistry, but we think this biological revolution emerged sometime before 2.7 billion years ago," he continued.
Ono looked at sulfur isotopes from South African drill-core samples covering the time interval from 3.2 to 2.4 billion years ago. Around 2.9 billion years ago, the methane-dominated atmosphere provided a greenhouse effect and kept the planet warm. His analysis suggests that when oxygen first appeared in the atmosphere, around that time, it would have reacted with the methane, destabilizing the atmosphere and triggering the Mozaan-Witwatersrand glaciation.
The oxygen atmosphere wasn't here to stay, however. "It was a raucous time," stated Carnegie's Andrey Bekker.2 "Volcanoes peppered the Earth's surface, belching gases and particulates into the atmosphere. That material rained back to the surface and oceans, affecting ocean chemistry and the ocean and atmospheric cycles. We looked at sulfur isotopes in shale and pyrite from Western Australia and found that between 2.47 and 2.463 billion years ago oxygen levels started to rise. But the intense volcanic activity made it almost disappear again. Despite these fits and starts, our oxygen atmosphere prevailed in the end."
Talks and poster schedule subject to change. See http://abscicon2006.arc.nasa.gov/agenda.php for the latest information.
1Shuhei Ono, "A novel record of Earth's Archean life, atmosphere, and oceans revealed in multiple-sulfur isotopic signatures"
Tuesday, March 28th, 11:30 am
Reagan Center, Amphitheater, Mini-Key II Early Earth
2Andrey Bekker et al., "A fitful rise of atmospheric oxygen"
Wednesday, March 29th, 4:40 pm
Reagan Center, Polaris B conference room, Session 29: Sulfur on Earth and Mars II
Olivier Rouxel et al., "Record of hydrothermal plume process in Paleoproterozoic jasper and iron formation: implications for the redox state of the 1.74 Ga deep ocean"
Monday March 27th, 5:20 pm
Reagan center, Horizon A conference room, Session 7: Environmental Impact of Life
Olivier Rouxel and Andrey Bekker, "New insights into Precambrian ocean chemistry from coupled iron & sulfur isotope analyses" Poster displayed throughout the conference. Poster session Monday night, March 27th 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm Reagan Center, Atrium Hall.
The Carnegie Institution of Washington ( www.CarnegieInstitution.org ) has been a pioneering force in basic scientific research since 1902. It is a private, nonprofit organization with six research departments throughout the U.S. Carnegie scientists are leaders in plant biology, developmental biology, astronomy, materials science, global ecology, and Earth and planetary science.