Researchers at Fraunhofer IAF have developed a laser-enhanced quantum sensor that combines high magnetic-field sensitivity with a large dynamic range. Using laser threshold magnetometry, they improved the ratio of sensitivity and dynamic range by a factor of up to 590 compared with state-of-the-art approaches. The breakthrough is enabled by the first demonstration of 100 percent optical contrast, combined with strong laser readout signals. The results, published in the journal Nature Communications , open up new prospects for medical diagnostics, navigation, and resource exploration.
Magnetic-field sensors based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are among the leading solid-state quantum sensors. They operate at room temperature, can be integrated into compact devices and enable vector magnetometry—the measurement of both the magnitude and direction of a magnetic field. Recent advances have improved their sensitivity into the sub-pT/Hz range, a regime relevant for detecting cardiac signals. Until now, however, researchers have had to make a trade-off: sensors with very high sensitivity offer only a very limited dynamic range, while more robust variants with a large dynamic range were considerably less sensitive.
To address this limitation, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics IAF are pursuing laser threshold magnetometry, an approach that mitigates this trade-off by combining high sensitivity with a large dynamic range. In this approach, NV centers in diamond are directly integrated into a laser cavity as an optical element, where they act as a magnetic-field-dependent loss channel. Rather than measuring the NV fluorescence, the researchers use the system’s laser signal as the readout.
In their latest publication, the researchers demonstrate such a two-media laser threshold magnetometer. The strong coupling of the NV centers to the cavity field enhances the sensor’s response to changes in the magnetic field. The laser system thus achieves 100 percent optical contrast, rather than the few percent typical for NV magnetometry. It also delivers a coherent laser readout signal with an output power of up to 50 mW, substantially higher than that of conventional NV-fluorescence readout.
If photon shot noise is the dominant noise source, this combination of high contrast and a strong signal yields a sensitivity below 400 fT/Hz for each of the three components of the magnetic-field vector. The study also provides the first experimental demonstration that the attainable sensitivity improves more than linearly as optical contrast approaches 100 percent.
The ratio of the sensitivity limit to the dynamic range is crucial, since improvements in one typically come at the expense of the other. Compared with conventional fluorescence-based NV sensors and vapor-cell magnetometers, the NV-diamond laser system improves this ratio by up to a factor of 590 while maintaining vector magnetometry capability.
“Our approach could resolve a trade-off that has long limited the development and application of magnetic-field sensors. It could pave the way for a new generation of mobile, highly sensitive magnetic-field sensors,” says Florian Schall, first author of the paper and a quantum-sensing researcher at Fraunhofer IAF.
A decade ago, Dr. Jan Jeske, head of the Quantum Sensing Group at Fraunhofer IAF, was the first to develop a theoretical model for a magnetic-field-dependent laser system based on a diamond containing NV centers. “The prospect of substantially improving sensing performance motivated us to pursue laser threshold magnetometry over the long term. I am very pleased that we have now experimentally demonstrated the magnetic-field-dependent shift in the lasing threshold,” says Jeske.
Potential applications for these quantum sensors include detecting biomagnetic signals from the heart, muscles, and brain; enabling magnetic-field-based navigation; and identifying magnetic anomalies, for example, in resource exploration and security applications.
The paper, “Laser-enhanced quantum sensing boosts sensitivity and dynamic range,” has been published in the journal Nature Communications . The study involved researchers from Fraunhofer IAF, Twenty-One Semiconductors GmbH, the College of Staten Island (CUNY, USA), the National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (Japan), and RMIT University (Australia).
The work was carried out as part of the flagship project “Laser Threshold Magnetometers for Neural Communication Interfaces” (NeuroQ), funded by the German Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space.
The NeuroQ consortium is developing quantum sensors intended to eventually detect brain activity and transmit corresponding signals to exoskeletons via a brain–computer interface. This technology will enable people with paralysis to control exoskeletons with their thoughts and regain some mobility. More information is available on the project website: www.neuroq.de
The Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics IAF is one of the world's leading research institutions in the fields of III-V semiconductors and synthetic diamond. Based on these materials, Fraunhofer IAF develops components for future-oriented technologies, such as electronic circuits for innovative communication and mobility solutions, laser systems for real-time spectroscopy, novel hardware components for quantum computing as well as quantum sensors for industrial applications. With its research and development, the Freiburg research institute covers the entire value chain—from materials research, design and processing to modules, systems and demonstrators. https://www.iaf.fraunhofer.de/en.html
Nature Communications
Laser-enhanced quantum sensing boosts sensitivity and dynamic range
22-Oct-2026