The world faces a “new reality” as we have reached the first of many Earth system tipping points that will cause catastrophic harm unless humanity takes urgent action, according to a landmark report released on 13 October 2025.
Just ahead of the COP30 summit, the second Global Tipping Points Report finds that warm-water coral reefs – on which nearly a billion people and a quarter of all marine life depend – are passing their tipping point. Widespread dieback is taking place and – unless global warming is reversed – extensive reefs as we know them will be lost, although small refuges may survive and must be protected.
We are on the brink of more tipping points, with devastating risks for people and nature: the irreversible melting of polar ice sheets, the collapse of key ocean currents and the dieback of the Amazon rainforest – where COP30 will be held.
With global warming set to breach 1.5°C, the Report – by 160 scientists at 87 institutions in 23 countries – argues that countries must minimise temperature overshoot to avoid crossing more tipping points. Every fraction of a degree and every year spent above 1.5°C matters.
“The findings of this Report require a strong reckoning with our current social and economic systems that have led to this moment of potentially imminent cascading crises across our planet and societies, whilst offering some of the transformative solutions that we need to undertake in order to enable a more just and sustainable future for all,” says Laura Pereira, Professor of Sustainability Transformations and Futures at the Global Change Institute at Wits University. “We cannot address the climate crisis by perpetuating the same systems of injustice and oppression that caused it in the first place - we need to look to deeper, more equitable solutions that will allow a more equitable and sustainable future for people and planet.”
Action to trigger “positive tipping points” of self-propelling change – such as the rollout of green technologies – now offers the only credible route to a safe, just and sustainable future, the Report says.
The researchers are working with Brazil’s COP30 Presidency to ensure that tipping points are on the agenda at the summit.
Professor Tim Lenton, from the Global Systems Institute at the University of Exeter, says: “We are rapidly approaching multiple Earth system tipping points that could transform our world, with devastating consequences for people and nature. This demands immediate, unprecedented action from leaders at COP30 and policymakers worldwide.
“In the two years since the first Global Tipping Points Report, there has been a radical global acceleration in some areas, including the uptake of solar power and electric vehicles. But we need to do more – and move faster – to seize positive tipping point opportunities. By doing so, we can drastically cut greenhouse gas emissions and tip the world away from catastrophic tipping points and towards a thriving, sustainable future.”
Dr Mike Barrett, Chief Scientific Advisor at WWF-UK and co-author of the Report, adds: “The findings of this report are incredibly alarming. That warm-water coral reefs are passing their thermal tipping point is a tragedy for nature and the people that rely on them for food and income. This grim situation must be a wake-up call that unless we act decisively now, we will also lose the Amazon rainforest, the ice sheets and vital ocean currents. In that scenario we would be looking at a truly catastrophic outcome for all humanity.”
“As we head into the COP30 climate negotiations it’s vital that all parties grasp the gravity of the situation and the extent of what we all stand to lose if the climate and nature crises are not addressed. The solutions are within our reach. Countries must show the political bravery and leadership to work together and achieve them."
The Report’s authors are working with Brazil’s COP30 Presidency on the “Action Agenda” as a platform for accelerating climate transition plans and triggering self-reinforcing change across different sectors – from agriculture to energy, from forests to cities – towards low-carbon and climate-resilient global transformation.
The President Designate of COP30 in Brazil, Ambassador André Corrêa do Lago, said: “As part of a global mobilisation against climate change – our ‘Global Mutirão’ – the COP30 Presidency invited community leaders, scholars and scientists to explore the best available science and ancestral wisdom around how our institutions can gain exponentiality in deploying solutions and versatility in responding to the climate crisis, including through agile, iterative and adaptive capabilities. I welcome the Global Tipping Points Report as a positive and timely response to our invitation. The report stands as hopeful and sober evidence that humanity can still choose to change and evolve towards a safe, prosperous and equitable future.”
The Report highlights progress on positive tipping points – and opportunities for a cascade of positive change, including:
The report includes case studies on several Earth system tipping points.
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