A new review examines how human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and 3D organoids cultured in space could help researchers understand rare and severe pediatric disorders, particularly mitochondrial diseases and congenital heart disorders (CHDs). The authors synthesize evidence that spaceflight conditions alter mitochondrial function, cytoskeletal organization, oxidative stress, calcium handling, cellular maturation, and gene expression, and argue that these responses may converge with disease-associated phenotypes. They also identify key gaps, including the absence of space-based patient-derived models for mitochondrial diseases or CHDs, and propose a framework in which space serves as a discovery environment while validation and therapeutic development remain on Earth. These models preserve patient-specific genetic backgrounds, and the review focuses on pediatric disorders with well-defined genetic causes.
Earth-based hiPSC models have transformed disease research but remain limited by cellular immaturity, a strong reliance on glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and incomplete tissue architecture. Animal models often fail to recapitulate human phenotypes, and primary patient tissues are difficult to obtain, especially for rare pediatric conditions. Spaceflight exposes cells to microgravity and space radiation, stress conditions that may unmask or amplify disease-relevant vulnerabilities. Because these stressors converge on mitochondrial and cardiac pathways, they offer a biologically distinct context for studying rare metabolic and congenital disorders. Conventional culture also differs in oxygen tension. Based on these challenges, deeper investigation is needed into how patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) models respond to the space environment.
A review published (DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbag028) in Precision Clinical Medicine in 2026 by researchers affiliated with IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, the University of Milan, and Weill Cornell Medicine, with collaborators from multiple institutions, examines current space-based hiPSC studies and their relevance to mitochondrial diseases and congenital heart disorders (CHDs), and their potential to inform rare pediatric disease research. It summarizes reported effects on mitochondrial function, cytoskeletal organization, oxidative stress, calcium handling, and gene expression, and outlines experimental and mechanistic gaps that must be addressed before patient-derived models can be deployed in orbit.
The authors report that spaceflight and simulated microgravity can produce both adaptive and pathological responses in hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and neurons. Studies aboard the International Space Station (ISS) and ground-based simulators have shown altered mitochondrial gene expression, reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), and changes in calcium handling and contractility. Some experiments also suggest accelerated cellular maturation under microgravity, a potentially valuable effect because immature phenotypes remain a major limitation of Earth-based models. However, results vary with exposure duration, cell type, and culture format, and no study has yet examined patient-derived hiPSCs carrying pathogenic mitochondrial disease or CHD variants in space. The review highlights the need to distinguish the individual and combined effects of microgravity and space radiation, and to determine whether pre-existing metabolic defects impair adaptation or exacerbate damage. It also notes that most space studies rely on transcriptional data with limited functional validation. The authors emphasize that adaptive maturation signals and pathological stress responses may coexist and must be separated experimentally. Key genetic examples include SURF1 , MT-ATP6 , POLG , TAZ , NKX2-5 , GATA4 , TBX5 , HAND2 , MYH7 , MYBPC3 , RYR2 , and CALM1–3 .
The authors said the space environment could serve as a discovery platform that reveals disease-relevant mechanisms difficult to detect under conventional culture conditions. They said patient-derived hiPSC models of mitochondrial diseases or CHDs have not yet been tested in space, representing an important gap, and that future experiments should compare microgravity, radiation, and combined exposure with appropriate ground and in-flight controls. They also said promising findings would need validation in terrestrial disease models, including organoids and organ-on-chip systems, before any clinical translation.
The proposed framework positions space as a stress-testing environment and Earth as the validation ground. Shared molecular signatures between spaceflight stress and disease could guide drug repurposing and target identification, with candidate interventions tested for rescue of mitochondrial respiration, ATP production, ROS accumulation, and calcium handling. Microgravity-based biomanufacturing could also support tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, provided that cells and tissues retain their desired properties after return to Earth. The authors note that spaceflight-associated cardiovascular and neurological changes may inform astronaut health, creating a two-way translational link between rare pediatric disease research and human space exploration. This framework could accelerate translational discovery for rare pediatric disorders while informing countermeasures for astronauts.
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References
DOI
Original Source URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbag028
Funding i nformation
The WorldQuant and GI Research Foundation, NASA (grant Nos. 80NSSC22K0254, 80NSSC23K0832, and 80NSSC25K7731), and the National Institutes of Health (grant Nos. R01ES032638 and U54AG089334).
About Precision Clinical Medicine
Precision Clinical Medicine (PCM) commits itself to the combination of precision medical research and clinical application. PCM is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes original research articles, reviews, clinical trials, methodologies, opinions in the field of precision medicine in a timely manner. By doing so, the journal aims to provide new theories, methods, and evidence for disease diagnosis, treatment, prevention and prognosis, so as to establish a communication platform for clinicians and researchers that will impact practice of medicine. The journal covers all aspects of precision medicine, which uses novel means of diagnosis, treatment and prevention tailored to the needs of a patient or a sub-group of patients based on the specific genetic, phenotypic, or psychosocial characteristics. Clinical conditions include cancer, infectious disease, inherited diseases, complex diseases, rare diseases, etc. The journal is now indexed in ESCI, Scopus, PubMed Central, etc., with an impact factor of 6.4 (JCR2025, Q1). For further information, please refer to the journal homepage: https://academic.oup.com/pcm .
Precision Clinical Medicine
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Human induced pluripotent stem cells and organoid models in space for investigating severe pediatric metabolic and congenital disorders
29-Sep-2026
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.