New analysis of ancient parrot DNA has revealed vibrant Amazonian parrots were transported alive across the Andes to coastal Peru centuries before the Inca Empire, highlighting a sophisticated pre-Inca, long-distance trade network spanning rainforest, highlands and deserts.
The international team of researchers, including scientists from The Australian National University (ANU), analysed parrot feathers that were discovered at Pachacamac, Peru – one of the preeminent religious centres of the Andean civilisation – far outside the birds’ native rainforest range. The research is published in Nature Communications .
According to lead author Dr George Olah from ANU, the sequencing of the ancient parrot DNA has uncovered a thriving network of trade and animal transportation that connected Amazonian forests with arid communities across the Andes.
“Through combining ancient DNA sequencing, isotope chemistry and computational landscape modelling, we have been able to trace how and where these birds were moved across the landscape,” Dr Olah said.
“Our ancient habitat modelling confirmed that the western side of the Andes was just as inhospitable to these species one thousand years ago as it is today. These parrots are strictly rainforest dwellers with a natural home range of around 150 kilometres.
“The fact that they ended up more than 500 kilometres away, on the other side of South America's highest mountain range, proves human intervention. They do not naturally fly over the Andes.”
The research team’s findings show that several species of Amazonian macaw parrots – native to the lowland rainforest just east of the Andes – were captured in the wild, carried high over mountain passes and kept alive on the coast long enough to grow new feathers in their new environment.
Genomic analysis identified four Amazonian species in the burial feather assemblage – the Scarlet Macaw, Blue-and-yellow Macaw, Red-and-green Macaw and Mealy Amazon – all native to rainforest habitat hundreds of kilometres from the Pacific coast.
Transport likely took weeks or even months, as travellers navigated rugged mountain passes and steep plateaus.
“We can now demonstrate with genetic and isotopic evidence that these parrots weren’t just traded as feathers – they were transported alive, across dramatic terrain, into coastal ritual contexts,” Dr Olah said.
By analysing the chemical signatures contained in the feathers, the researchers discovered that the birds’ diets shifted to C4 plants, such as maize, and marine protein, showing they were kept alive after crossing the Andes.
“Our analysis reveals the parrots were fed the same nitrogen-enriched diet consumed by their captors – a clear sign of prolonged care after their removal from the rainforest,” Dr Olah said.
Landscape modelling further identified likely trans-Andean corridors and river routes used to transport the birds, revealing sophisticated overland and fluvial exchange networks.
The birds were prized for their vibrant feathers, which held deep cultural value across pre-Hispanic societies and were often used in ritual and high-status burial contexts.
“This discovery challenges long-held assumptions that pre-Inca societies were isolated or fragmented,” Dr Olah said.
“Instead, we see evidence of organised exchange, ecological knowledge and logistical planning that connected vastly different environments long before imperial roads formalised these connections.”
The research also marks one of the first successful ancient DNA studies of fragile archaeological feathers, opening new avenues for tracking how organic materials moved through ancient trade networks worldwide.
Aside from its deep historical implications, the study also sheds new light on the longstanding cultural significance of parrots in Andean societies – a fascination that continues today and that contributes to ongoing conservation challenges for these iconic species.
This work also involved scientists from Adelaide University and researchers in Peru, Spain, the United States and the United Kingdom.
Images available to download here: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1jb_oBkiE1ilWytqvlV1D_wx-cgbwQIbx
Nature Communications
Animal tissue samples
Ancient DNA and spatial modeling reveal a pre-Inca trans-Andean parrot trade
10-Mar-2026