Osaka, Japan – The prominent noses of male proboscis monkeys, long thought to be visual signals, play a crucial role in vocal communication, enhancing individual identity. A new study published in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface reveals how these unusual nasal appendages shape the monkeys' calls, offering insights into the evolution of vocal individuality.
Researchers from The University of Osaka, Ritsumeikan University, and Kyoto University collaborated with the Yokohama Zoo Zoorasia to conduct CT scans on preserved proboscis monkey specimens. These scans allowed them to create detailed 3D digital models of the nasal passages. Using computational simulation, the team determined the nose's "transfer function," which describes how sound frequencies are amplified or dampened as they pass through the nasal cavity. These simulations revealed that the large nose of adult male proboscis monkeys significantly affects the formants, or resonant frequencies, of their calls, creating distinct vocal signatures. These findings were further validated through acoustic measurements on physical replicas of the nasal passages.
Understanding how physical characteristics influence vocalizations contributes to broader evolutionary studies of communication. This research sheds light on the development of individual vocal identity not only in proboscis monkeys but also in other species, including humans. By deciphering the acoustic effects of the proboscis monkey's nose, scientists gain a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between anatomy, acoustics, and social behavior in the animal kingdom.
Professor Takeshi Nishimura commented, "This research, a unique collaboration between a zoo dedicated to rare species conservation, primatologists, and engineers, yielded unexpected results. We are delighted to have uncovered findings that link physical characteristics to vocal communication and social evolution. We are excited about the future prospects of this research."
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The article, “Individual vocal identity is enhanced by the enlarged external nose in male proboscis monkeys ( Nasalis larvatus ),” was published in Journal of the Royal Society Interface at DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7942830
About The University of Osaka
The University of Osaka was founded in 1931 as one of the seven imperial universities of Japan and is now one of Japan's leading comprehensive universities with a broad disciplinary spectrum. This strength is coupled with a singular drive for innovation that extends throughout the scientific process, from fundamental research to the creation of applied technology with positive economic impacts. Its commitment to innovation has been recognized in Japan and around the world. Now, The University of Osaka is leveraging its role as a Designated National University Corporation selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology to contribute to innovation for human welfare, sustainable development of society, and social transformation.
Website: https://resou.osaka-u.ac.jp/en
Journal of The Royal Society Interface
Computational simulation/modeling
Animals
Individual vocal identity is enhanced by the enlarged external nose in male proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus)
13-Aug-2025