Articles tagged with Host Cells
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
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Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
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Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers at Florida State University have discovered a molecular mechanism that inhibits HCV replication in vitro after host cells become crowded. The study's new test can quickly monitor HCV replication and has the potential to lead to better, targeted treatments for this complex virus.
Researchers discovered Ku70 protein as critical for Rickettsia conorii entry into mammalian cells, enabling disease understanding and potential treatment. This finding suggests a new approach to combat Rickettsial infections and other intracellular parasites.
Researchers found that the antibody prevents the virus from rearranging its protein envelope after entering host cells, blocking infection. The study also uncovered a theory called antibody-dependent enhancement, which may help explain why some antibodies are ineffective against certain viruses.
Researchers discovered a new protein, MAVS, located in the mitochondrial membrane that plays a vital role in immune defense against microbial infections. The study suggests that variations in MAVS expression levels may endow individuals with varying ability to fight off viral diseases.
Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine have found that inhibitors of cellular enzyme cathepsin L prevent the SARS virus from entering target cells. This breakthrough discovery could lead to the development of new therapeutics against the SARS virus.
Researchers at Purdue University have determined the combined structure of Coxsackievirus A21 and ICAM-1, a receptor molecule that enables the virus to infect host cells. The study reveals how the virus recognizes and anchors to the cell, providing insights into the initial stages of infection.
Researchers discovered a fruit fly gene, f, that codes for a fusion protein enabling insect viruses to infect cells. The study found that the gene was originally transferred from an insect to a virus through recombination, leading to significant changes in viral behavior and pathology.
Scientists found that mobile genetic elements, known as LINE-1, play a role in brain diversification by introducing new gene expressions and influencing cell function. This process is unique to the brain and leaves other organs unaffected.
Scientists have developed a method to create an infectious form of the hepatitis C virus in a test tube, allowing researchers to study its life cycle and develop new drugs. This breakthrough could lead to better understanding and treatment of liver diseases associated with HCV.
A team of researchers has identified an intermediate stage in virus-cell fusion that lasts several minutes, providing a potential window of opportunity for drug development. This discovery may allow existing drugs to be re-evaluated and fine-tuned to target this critical point in the viral entry process.
Researchers have watched infectious prion proteins invade and move within brain cells, shedding light on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) diseases. The findings may lead to ways to prevent or minimize their effects.
Researchers discovered that bacteria's pili induce changes in host gene expression, keeping host cells alive longer. The study found that artificial mechanical pull on the host cell membrane triggers a signaling cascade to affect host gene expression.
Listeria uses host cell lipids to move within cells and spread through the body. The bacteria hijack the host cell's actin cytoskeleton using two membrane lipids, PIP2 and PIP3, which are essential for their movement.
Indiana University researchers found that genes can move from plant parasites to host plants, establishing parasitism as a medium for horizontal gene transfer. The discovery complements previous findings showing the opposite process, and suggests that plant parasitism has been a key mechanism of gene exchange between species.
Researchers have characterised the structure and function of Dr Adhesins, a family of proteins responsible for chronic diarrhoeal and urinary tract infections. The discovery provides new insights into how these proteins cause multiple diseases by targeting a common receptor on host cell membranes.
The Center for Quantitative Biology aims to tackle complex biological questions using advanced computing, microscopy, and gene chips. It will train future research leaders through a new undergraduate and graduate curriculum.
Scientists at UGA Vet School found a mechanism that blocks replication of retroviruses, including the Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, which causes ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. The discovery provides new insights into viral life cycles and could lead to the development of novel anti-retroviral therapies.
Researchers discovered a protein, TgGAP50, that anchors myosin in the parasite's membrane, crucial for motility. This understanding may lead to new ways to interfere with parasite control mechanisms, potentially treating malaria.
Researchers at the Salk Institute have made a breakthrough in understanding how HIV replicates within host cells. The study revealed that molecules exist in cells that help convert HIV's RNA genome to DNA, allowing for the production of new virus particles.
Researchers have discovered a gene that inhibits NF-kB, a cellular transcription factor involved in anti-viral immune responses and inflammation. The study found that this gene, K1L, prevents degradation of the cellular inhibitor of NF-kB, ultimately halting viral replication.
Researchers at Purdue University identified a protein on intestinal cells that allows Listeria monocytogenes to attach and cause infection. Understanding this mechanism could help develop a vaccine strategy to prevent the deadly disease, which has a 20% fatality rate.
Researchers discover that retroviral Gag proteins bind tightly to endophilin-2, a protein involved in cell membrane budding. This interaction is crucial for the production and spread of viruses.
Purdue University biologists have determined the structure of the West Nile virus, a development that could greatly augment our understanding of the virus' life cycle. The research uses cryoelectron microscopy and advanced imaging techniques to understand how the major surface proteins interact with each other.
Rao's research aims to understand the mechanism of virus assembly, a crucial step in viral transmission and disease spread. By studying the brome mosaic virus, his lab hopes to develop new strategies for blocking virus assembly and preventing disease.
Researchers discovered how Salmonella injects proteins into host cells that staple actin molecules together, changing the cell's structure to facilitate bacterial invasion. This complex protein secretion system allows Salmonella to manipulate host cells in unique ways, enabling it to evade immune responses.
Researchers identified a previously unknown protein-aldolase interaction that drives the parasite's movement into cells. This discovery may lead to the development of small molecules blocking this mechanism and treating diseases like toxoplasmosis and malaria.
Dr. Sundquist's research has identified key cellular proteins necessary for HIV release, providing potential new targets for anti-HIV drugs. By altering the structure of these proteins or blocking their interaction with HIV, future treatments may slow or halt infection.
Researchers are developing nanotech decoys that can stick to the HIV virus and prevent it from entering human cells. The study focuses on the binding of gp120 protein to GalCer molecules in cell membranes.
Researchers at UIC provided the first images of HIV in living cells, revealing how the virus enlists host assistance to wreak havoc on the body's defenses. The visualization, which took four years to develop, shows HIV particles hitching a ride aboard dynein, a molecular motor, and crossing the microtubular highway to reach the nucleus.
Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania School found that the West Nile virus capsid protein can cause inflammation and apoptosis in cells, leading to encephalitic inflammation. The study suggests that blocking the protein's pathogenicity may help slow down the virus.
Researchers at Imperial College London discovered that Toxoplasma gondii's myosin A gene is essential for its gliding motion and host cell invasion. The motor enables the parasite to penetrate cells within 10-30 seconds, allowing it to replicate safely.
Researchers at U-M have discovered that inflammatory cytokines are the primary cause of graft-versus-host disease, which can be prevented by neutralizing these proteins. The study's findings offer new hope for patients undergoing bone marrow transplants, with human clinical trials currently underway.
Researchers investigate NEMO submersion in virus-prone boys to identify potential risks and benefits. The study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the relationship between viral exposure and physiological responses.
Researchers have successfully treated metastatic disease using a modified herpesvirus, providing a promising treatment option for patients with advanced cancer. The therapy has shown promise in early trials, demonstrating its potential as a novel approach to combatting this devastating disease.
Researchers determined the three-dimensional structure of the dengue virus, providing insights into viral infection processes. The discovery may aid in developing antiviral compounds to target flavivirus diseases.
The study reveals how the T4 virus binds to host cells, punctures the cell wall, and injects its genetic blueprint into the cell. The research provides detailed information on the virus structure and mechanisms used by one virus often resemble those of other viruses, including those that infect humans.
Researchers developed a fast laboratory test to study and design new compounds blocking HIV molecular components before infection. The test accelerates the discovery process, allowing pharmaceutical companies to target the entire preintegration complex, a critical step in HIV replication.
Researchers at Women's and Children's Hospital in Adelaide have developed a way to safely use Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) to transfer therapeutic genes into human cells. This method has wide applicability for various human genetic diseases and is currently being tested on animal models before moving to human trials.
Jay Levy, MD, argues that an HIV vaccine aiming to reduce virus levels in blood and genital fluids could play a crucial role in controlling the epidemic. This approach would delay disease development and suppress the virus worldwide, rather than achieving sterilizing immunity.
Researchers at WashU Medicine discovered that Gram-positive bacteria like Streptococcus and Staphylococcus use cholesterol-dependent cytolysins to inject toxins into host cells, paving the way for entry of other proteins. This finding could lead to new approaches in treating antibiotic-resistant infections.
Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have discovered a key protein, VP40, crucial for Ebola's replication cycle. This finding holds promise for developing novel antiviral drugs to stop the spread of the deadly disease.
Researchers at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute uncovered how retroviruses like HIV make their escape from infected cells by using ubiquitin and a viral segment called the late domain. This study sheds light on previously unknown aspects of viral assembly and budding, potentially leading to new techniques for arresting viral spread.
Listeria monocytogenes has discovered a mechanism for managing infection by living comfortably inside cells until ready to break out and spread the infection. The bacteria use a pore-forming toxin, listeriolysin O, that is modified with a PEST sequence tag, allowing it to evade the host's immune system.
Biomedical engineers at Johns Hopkins University use a laser device to view microscopic movement and detect stutter-step motions in Listeria tails. This contradicts the widely held belief that filaments grow and push in a smooth continuous motion, suggesting a new mechanism for bacterial locomotion.
OHSU researchers discovered that bacteria like E. coli and Neisseria use pili to congregate into microcolonies before invading cells, which can lead to disease spread. The study provides strong data on the mechanism of bacterial movement, potentially leading to new treatments.
The structure of E. coli intimin-receptor complex shows how the bacterium attaches to intestinal cells, using a protein-protein complex with rigid arms and attaching hands. This finding could lead to new drug designs to thwart infection.
A team of researchers at Penn State's College of Medicine has isolated and characterized a gene, BRMS1, that plays a role in blocking tumor cells' ability to spread. The gene provides a target for developing therapies to keep cancer localized and may aid in proper diagnosis.
Researchers have produced the first 3-D structures of poliovirus in the moments after it attaches to and enters a host cell. The structures reveal tiny adjustments in the virus's protein shell that allow it to grab onto its host receptor more tightly.
Researchers at the University of Michigan have identified a key mechanism by which some viruses, including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, can hide in human cells for extended periods. The study reveals that a protein called LANA binds to host chromosomes, allowing viral DNA to remain dormant until the immune system is weakened.
Researchers have developed a model to study viral evasion and co-option of cellular defense strategies, revealing that persistent infection is achieved by suppressing cell suicide. Physiological changes occur, including slower growth and reduced virus infectivity over time.
A team of researchers has identified several chemical compounds that can prevent HIV from fusing with human cells, a crucial step in the viral infection process. By targeting the gp41 protein, these compounds may provide a new avenue for treating HIV and potentially other viruses.
Researchers successfully delivered fully functional proteins inside cells using a piece of the AIDS virus, overcoming the bioavailability wall that restricts large molecules. This technique has the potential to treat diseases such as cancer and genetic disorders by inserting working versions of damaged proteins into affected cells.
Researchers at the University of California San Francisco have found a way for cells to move accurately, using a dual molecular docking maneuver. However, a pathogenic microbe like Listeria monocytogenes can mimic this system, hijacking the cell's motility protein and causing infection.
Researchers at Northwestern University discovered a common ancestor among viruses that cause measles, mumps, and respiratory infections in infants and HIV, influenza, and Ebola. The study found a similar entry mechanism among these viruses, suggesting new approaches to blocking infection.
A recent study by UK researchers reveals how the Yersinia pestis bacterium uses its YopM toxin to target and destroy phagocytic cells, crippling the immune response. The findings provide new insights into bacterial causes of disease and cell biology, potentially leading to improved therapies for various diseases.
Researchers at Johns Hopkins have discovered that HIV depends on the moving parts of a cell's surface to enter the cell. The findings suggest that clustering transmits signals to the cell that could be important for HIV replication.