Articles tagged with Chromosomes
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
A research group at Lund University has shown that the 'avalanche effect' theory of cancer development is not correct. Cancer cells can have over 100 chromosomes, but a single initial change does not lead to unstoppable further mutations.
Researchers at the University of Nottingham have found a type of archaea that can reproduce without normal replication processes, growing faster in its absence. This discovery challenges existing understanding of DNA replication and has implications for cancer research.
A new study by Grand Valley State University researchers examines the criteria for determining gender in sex-segregated spaces, revealing a shift from biological factors to self-identity. The study finds that while self-identity is sufficient in many circumstances, biology still plays a significant role in these spaces, leading to 'gen...
Researchers studying chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome aim to uncover genetic variation and identify biological pathways leading to schizophrenia in the broader population. The project may inform novel, more effective treatments for psychiatric disorders.
A new study published in American Journal of Human Genetics suggests that modern-day India is the result of recent population mixture among divergent demographic groups. The findings provide evidence for a genetic mixture of two ancestral groups: Ancestral North Indians and Ancestral South Indians, which occurred around 1,900 to 4,200 ...
Researchers Tomomi Kiyomitsu and Iain Cheeseman discovered that human cells use the dynein motor to align their mitotic spindle structure, which is then corrected by cell membrane elongation. This process allows for symmetric cell division in about 95% of cells, resulting in identical daughter cells.
New study finds Down syndrome neurons have reduced connections and high levels of oxidative stress, which could contribute to accelerated aging and increased susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. Researchers hope to use these cells to test potential treatments for the condition.
A genome-wide association study reveals that a DNA sequence variation on chromosome 15 can predict weight loss after gastric bypass surgery. Individuals with this variant tend to lose more weight than those without it. The findings may lead to new approaches for developing therapies for obesity and related metabolic disorders.
Researchers have discovered how two proteins shelter each other to ensure smooth and safe cell division, a process crucial for growth and response to environmental changes. By understanding these molecular mechanisms, scientists may uncover new clues for understanding diseases like cancer.
Researchers have developed a new technique to study cell division without a cell membrane, allowing them to uncover physical forces and constraints involved in the process. By using this method, they discovered that squeezing the 'cell' into tighter quarters does not lead to smaller spindles, contradicting previous assumptions.
A team of genome and computer scientists developed an algorithm that can rapidly create virtual chromosomes using NGS data. The new RACA (Reference-Assisted Chromosome Assembly) algorithm performs even better with longer DNA reads, addressing the challenge of assembling complete chromosomes from short NGS fragments.
Sue Biggins, a geneticist at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, received the National Academy of Sciences Award in Molecular Biology for her work on understanding cell division and isolating kinetochores. Her research sheds light on how kinetochores separate chromosomes during cell division, with potential implications for cancer treatment.
The new feature uses DNA inherited from all ancestors on both sides of the family to indicate an individual's ancestral origins. Ancestry Composition offers state-of-the-art detail for people with European ancestry and accurate breakdowns for individuals of mixed ancestry.
A multi-national team of researchers has identified genetic variations on chromosomes 6p21 and 16q24 associated with Barrett's oesophagus. The discovery provides a basis for genetically screening individuals at high risk, as well as developing new therapy targets.
Researchers at Wayne State University are working on a new technique to analyze fetal chromosomes in the first trimester, which could lead to healthier outcomes for mothers and babies. The approach involves collecting placental cells from the cervix using a safe and non-invasive method.
Donna McDonald-McGinn, a leading expert on chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, has made groundbreaking contributions to understanding and treating the condition. Her extensive research and advocacy efforts have improved patient outcomes and care.
Researchers have identified an ancestral Alu element in orangutan genomes, which has uniquely multiplied within the species. This discovery provides insights into primate evolution and diversity, with implications for understanding speciation processes.
Biologists at the University of Toronto found that individuals with low-quality genes can produce offspring with even more inferior chromosomes, possibly leading to extinction. The study suggests that this could result in a 'mutational meltdown' that devastates endangered populations and increases health problems.
Researchers at UC Davis have discovered a crucial enzyme system that regulates chromosome pairing during meiosis, ensuring precise genome sorting and development of healthy sperm and eggs. The discovery could lead to insights into fertility, miscarriages, cancer, and developmental disorders.
Tree frogs with matching chromosome numbers have distinct vocal performances, which female frogs preferentially respond to. This study provides new insights into how new frog species may evolve through rapid changes in behavior and reproductive isolation.
The seven winning Celldance 2011 videos demonstrate the structure and function of living organisms at a microscopic scale. The award-winning entries feature various cell types, including fibroblasts and tumor cells, showcasing their behavior and interactions.
Scientists at University of Warwick discover mechanism for cell division ensuring correct chromosome number, a key factor in cancer development. The study found that the 'spindle checkpoint' is conserved from yeast to human cells and can be targeted by drugs to prevent cancer.
Researchers found that genetic variants associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease may be mitigated by a diet rich in raw fruits and vegetables. The study's results suggest that dietary choices can influence the impact of these genetic variants on cardiovascular health.
Genome-wide studies have identified new genes involved in melanoma susceptibility, including Caspase 8 and ATM gene. The study validates regions and genes already identified as significant for melanoma, reinforcing the role of cell cycle genes like CDKN2A and CDK4.
Scientists at CSHL have discovered that a 27-gene cluster deletion on chromosome 16 causes autism-like features. Mouse models revealed that inheriting fewer copies of these genes leads to behaviors and brain alterations characteristic of autism.
Exposure to Bisphenol A in in vitro oocyte cultures reveals altered development and increased risk of chromosome abnormalities like Down Syndrome. This multigenerational effect suggests BPA's potential impact on fertility and offspring health.
Researchers successfully synthesized a large DNA molecule and applied a method to scramble its genetic code, yielding insights into DNA structure and trait expression. The achievement represents a significant step towards synthesizing entire eukaryote genomes.
Researchers have created stem cells with a single set of chromosomes, simplifying the study of gene function and its impact on development. This technique enables scientists to identify mutations in genes that affect cell behavior and potentially develop new treatments for diseases.
Researchers analyzed molecular markers in three Italian pine vole species, revealing 'hidden' chromosome variations that distinguish them from one another. These findings provide insights into the evolution of this rodent group and may improve their taxonomy.
Researchers found that microtubules, which act like 'fishing lines,' often incorrectly hook onto chromosomes, resulting in 90% of chromosomes getting connected in the wrong way. This error-prone process can lead to female infertility and miscarriages due to incorrect chromosome separation.
Researchers have discovered how butterflies mimic neighboring species to avoid being eaten by birds, using a 'supergene' that controls distinct wing-pattern forms. This phenomenon has puzzled scientists for centuries and is now understood to be controlled by a single gene change.
Researchers found a novel system involving Pch2 and Orc1 proteins protecting yeast rDNA from inappropriate meiotic recombination. This protective repeat-associated heterochromatin makes the DNA segments near its boundary particularly vulnerable to recombination.
Researchers found that plants like Arabidopsis thaliana can speed up DNA duplication, leading to increased growth and seed production after being grazed. This process allows plants to increase their DNA content, protein production, and cell size, ultimately boosting their reproductive success.
The Genome Wowser app allows researchers to navigate the human genome using an intuitive interface on an iPad. The app provides interactive tools for exploring genomic information, including annotations, zooming capabilities, and drag-and-swipe navigation.
A novel study reveals that a protein complex (Smc5/6) helps release torsional stress during DNA replication, shedding light on heredity dynamics and potential new cancer treatments. The findings may lead to the development of drugs targeting Smc5/6, providing another tool for inhibiting tumour growth.
Researchers have discovered that cancer can arise rapidly after a single catastrophic event involving tens to hundreds of genomic rearrangements. This phenomenon, known as chromothripsis, is seen in at least two percent of all cancers and up to 25 percent of bone cancers.
Researchers found that a simple mechanism of finger-trap tension helps stabilize chromosomes during cell division, ensuring accurate gene distribution. This discovery could lead to new ways to correct defects before they occur or target cells with incorrect chromosome numbers to prevent further division.
Researchers found that overexpressing TRIB1 in the liver decreases lipid production, while lack of Trib1 increases it. This suggests TRIB1 regulates lipid metabolism in the liver.
Research led by Nancy F. Butte and funded by the US Department of Agriculture identifies new genetic biomarkers that may predict type 2 diabetes in children. The study fine-tunes a region on chromosome 13 associated with fasting blood sugar levels, shedding light on predisposition to the disease.
A study of egg cell division has revealed an 'inside out' mechanism for chromosome separation, which could help explain reproductive problems like Down syndrome and infertility. The researchers used time-lapse microscopy to observe egg cell meiosis with high precision, discovering that chromosomes move apart by being pushed in the middle.
A recent study has revealed a model for understanding Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD), which is linked to the generation of toxic RNA that damages muscle cells. Variations in chromosome 4 play a crucial role in this process, and researchers have identified potential new treatments by silencing the effects of this RNA.
Researchers have developed a method to produce sterile fish with three sets of chromosomes, enhancing growth and reducing reproduction in aquaculture. This breakthrough allows for more efficient production of faster-growing farm-raised salmon and trout.
Yeast's ability to convert sugar to alcohol is attributed to duplicated genes at the chromosome margins, allowing for optimal sugar processing. This process likely evolved in beer and wine yeasts around the Cretaceous era, enabling them to digest various sugars.
Researchers at the University of Utah have developed a procedure to delete specific genes from nematode worms, allowing them to infer the function of each gene and thereby understand human gene regulation. The technique, called MosDel, uses a transposon to cut out genes and exploit cell DNA repair mechanisms.
A genome-wide association study supports an association between alcohol dependence and genes on chromosome 11. The study identified a cluster of genes in this region that may contribute to the risk of developing alcoholism.
Researchers have identified a specific gene on chromosome 16 called SH2B1 that plays a key role in regulating weight and handling blood sugar levels. The study found large chromosomal deletions associated with severe early-onset obesity in children.
A study by neuroscientist William C. Mobley demonstrated a possible new approach to slowing cognitive decline in Down's syndrome using a pro-drug for norepinephrine, rescuing cognition in mice.
A CSHL-led team discovered a rare mutation on human chromosome 16 that dramatically increases the risk of schizophrenia. The mutation is associated with an eight-fold increased risk, and studies also found a correlation between 16p11.2 mutations and head size.
Researchers found genetic variations on chromosome 6 associated with higher risk of schizophrenia. This discovery may lead to new treatments for autoimmune disorders and improve existing treatments.
The European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) has launched an international study to investigate the efficacy of polar body screening in preimplantation genetic testing. The study aims to determine whether this novel method offers a possible solution for improving IVF treatment outcomes.
Researchers at Uppsala University have identified a new enzyme necessary for DNA synthesis that can also erase DNA from bacterial chromosomes. By studying Salmonella mutants, they found that this enzyme plays a crucial role in spontaneous gene deletions, which can lead to the reduction of DNA content.
Researchers at IRIC found that polo kinase tells chromosomes when to condense during cell division, linking it to several cancers. Inhibiting this mechanism could lead to effective therapies for treating cancer.
A comprehensive international study has identified eight previously unknown genes affecting blood pressure in healthy individuals. The study, involving 34,433 Europeans, mapped the human genome using hundreds of thousands of genetic markers and found associations with several genes regulating salt metabolism and smooth muscle signaling.
The DECIPHER database has revealed its developing role in revolutionizing both clinical practice and genetic research, providing a key to unlock the causes of illnesses. The data from around 100 centres has been shared openly worldwide, benefiting researchers, clinicians, and patients.
A team of University of Washington scientists has uncovered the basis for the strong yet dynamic attachment of spindle fibers to kinetochores, a site on each chromosome that mechanically couples to spindle fibers. This discovery sheds light on how chromosomes are accurately and evenly divided during cell division.
Researchers found that two proteins, Kif2b and MCAK, work together to ensure proper chromosome segregation during cell division. Increasing these proteins in tumor cells restored nearly normal accuracy of chromosome segregation, providing insight into mechanisms of cell division in tumor cells.
Researchers at Tufts University found that long CGG repeats stall replication, leading to chromosomal fragility and breaking, and disable cellular checkpoints that repair replication malfunctions.
A team of Dartmouth researchers has found a new function for the protein NOD, which plays a crucial role in chromosome segregation during cell division. This discovery contributes to our understanding of how cell functions can go wrong, particularly in cancerous cells.
The American Society for Cell Biology's Celldance contest reveals visually engaging and scientifically important cell-related content. This year's winners showcase stunning visuals of cellular processes, including Golgi ribbons and clathrin proteins, through videos and microscope stills.
The Baumann Lab discovered an important step in the maturation pathway of telomerase, an enzyme that replenishes chromosome ends with every cell division. This finding sheds light on human health and demonstrates that interfering with telomerase maturation can inactivate telomerase.