Articles tagged with Codons
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers discovered that one microorganism can live with a bit of ambiguity in its genetic code, synthesizing two different proteins seemingly at random. This finding contradicts a long-held dogma and has implications for future disease therapies, including treating diseases caused by premature stop codons.
Researchers have found that antibody sequences contain an unusual number of codons without corresponding tRNAs, which can be bridged by the inosine wobble modification. This modification allows for more efficient production of antibodies, with implications for vaccine efficacy and rationally designed vaccines.
Researchers have identified an essential stage in the takeover of rice cells by a fungus, which could accelerate treatment or prevention of rice blast disease. The discovery involves a modification in tRNA molecules that aid in protein construction, and its absence leads to reduced virulence.
Researchers found that a mutation in RPL3L, expressed only in heart and skeletal muscle, leads to impaired cardiac contractility by causing ribosomal collisions and protein folding abnormalities. The study aims to develop new treatments for cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation.
The CoDe tool enables precise edits to genetic codes, making vaccines safer and more effective. It can also modulate gene expression in small sections, aiding vaccine design and basic research.
Scientists create modified E. coli bacteria that cannot be infected by viruses while minimizing gene escape into the wild. This breakthrough technology has implications for reducing viral contamination in biotechnology production, such as insulin production and biofuel manufacturing.
Researchers from City University of Hong Kong developed a unified colour system based on prime numbers, called C<sub>235</sub>, which can represent various colours more efficiently than existing systems like RGB and CMYK. The new colour system has potential applications in designing energy-saving LCD systems and colourizing DNA codons.
Researchers found that arginine levels are limited in human cancers, prompting cancer cells to manipulate proteins to take up the amino acid. Starving cancer cells of arginine may lead to mutations that make them more recognizable to the immune system.
A recent study has revealed a novel cold domesticated repair mechanism for DNA damage in rice, providing elite modules for improving chilling tolerance. The discovery of GCG codon repeats in the first exon of COLD11, a DNA repair protein, has opened the way for fine regulation of rice chilling tolerance with a single site.
A new study has discovered that rare pieces of genetic code can serve as another layer of control in the genome, essential for fertility and evolutionary innovation. Researchers found that certain tissues are more tolerant of diverse codons, particularly the testes, which may play a critical role in fertility.
Researchers identified key chemical marks that speed up and slow down gene expression in mRNA, opening new possibilities for genetic therapies. The discovery could lead to targeted protein production with minimal risk, potentially enhancing the effectiveness of mRNA vaccines.
Researchers have developed a quadruplet codon system that could encode 256 distinct amino acids, allowing for the creation of proteins with tailored characteristics. The system uses tRNAs to translate information from DNA and RNA into amino acid building blocks, with promising results in translating segments of a protein.
Researchers at the University of Oregon used CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to target a specific mutation causing Fuchs' corneal dystrophy, preserving endothelial cell density and function. The study lays the groundwork for future research on using this technique to treat genetic disorders in post-mitotic cells.
Non-optimal codons enable coronaviruses to infect multiple hosts, increasing viral mRNA load. This finding highlights the importance of considering non-optimal codon usage in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development.
Researchers reprogrammed synthetic E. coli with multiple nonstandard amino acids to exhibit viral resistance. This breakthrough enables the creation of designer proteins with innovative properties.
Researchers have developed cells that can construct artificial polymers from building blocks not found in nature, while also making them resistant to viral infections. This breakthrough could lead to the development of new polymers and more reliable manufacturing of certain drugs using bacteria.
Studies on viral evolution reveal that beneficial mutations often occur at the expense of symptom severity, while genetic novelties can arise from noncoding DNA insertion. Additionally, viruses' codon usage is constrained by host machinery, with some exhibiting unique compositions, and their effects can persist after infection clearance.
Human viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, adapt their codon usage to specific tissues based on cellular machinery preference. This adaptation enables more effective antiviral treatments, gene therapies, and vaccines by targeting specific tissue types.
A study analyzed 4,225 protein-coding genes in the Escherichia coli genome to understand the evolution of genetic codons. The researchers discovered a disproportionate use of specific serine codons, suggesting their independent emergence during evolution.
Researchers at UC San Diego used CRISPR and evolutionary engineering to test foreign DNA in E. coli and observed that most mutations occurred in regulatory regions, not within the foreign gene itself. The study reveals the importance of systems biology in understanding biological function and its implications for genetic engineering.
Scientists found rare codons at the beginning of a sequence do not enhance translation, contrary to previous hypotheses. However, additional start codons and specific sequences like Shine-Dalgarno boxes are beneficial for efficient translation.
A team of researchers at the University of Basel's Biozentrum has uncovered a genetic signature that enables cells to adapt their protein production according to their state. This mechanism plays a crucial role in regulating protein production during cell division, which is essential for efficient use of cellular resources.
Researchers discovered a correlation between mRNA codon composition and protein abundance, revealing the importance of gene sequence optimization for efficient translation. The study's findings have significant implications for medicine and bioengineering, offering new avenues for treating diseases and boosting biotech applications.
Researchers developed a DNA sequencing kit that identifies variations in the NUDT15 gene, allowing for accurate predictions of adverse reactions. The test has been approved for clinical use in Japan and holds promise for reducing severe side effects in East Asian patients.
Scientists discovered a yeast species that randomly translates DNA codons as either serine or leucine, breaking the universal genetic code. This unique trait has been retained for 100 million years and may provide benefits in rare occasions.
Research identifies missense mutations in NF1 gene as risk factor for severe neurofibromatosis symptoms. Patients with these mutations show high incidence of benign tumors and malignancies.
Biologists found that sets of three triplets, rather than individual codons, may be crucial for correct protein synthesis in ribosomes. This discovery could reframe cancer genetics and human genetic diseases research.
A team of researchers from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has discovered at least 47 possible start codons in DNA, which can trigger protein synthesis. This finding challenges the long-held assumption that only a small number of three-letter sequences in mRNA could initiate translation.
The Penn Dental team has created a genetic engineering method to improve plant-based medicines by optimizing codons in DNA sequences. This technique resulted in increased protein expression levels, with hemophilia clotting factor five to six times higher and poliovirus protein roughly 26 times higher than native sequences.
Researchers have successfully modified a living genome by replacing multiple codons with alternatives, paving the way for fully recoded organisms. The study, which reduced the number of codons in E.coli from 64 to 57, provides critical insights into creating functional altered genomes.
Researchers at Uppsala University quantify selective forces shaping bacterial genomes, discovering that small changes in fitness can be selected against. They find that changing even a single codon reduces the fitness of bacteria by 0.01 procent per generation.
Researchers at MSU clarify how living cells determine the start of protein synthesis, introducing a new facet to the mechanism. The discovery reveals that GTP hydrolysis plays a crucial role in determining whether a ribosome recognizes an AUG codon or not.
Scientists from Duke University developed a freely available computer program based on the traveling salesman mathematics problem to find the least-repetitive genetic code. This allows synthesizers to easily explore synthetic biomaterials previously unavailable to most researchers.
Researchers found a previously unknown code within the genetic code that affects protein assembly speed, leading to different functions of identical proteins. This discovery has significant implications for understanding human disease-causing mutations.
Researchers found that different codons in the genetic code are deciphered at varying rates, affecting protein production. This knowledge can be used to manipulate gene expression and potentially treat illnesses by altering decoding rates.
Scientists found that a trace nutrient can cause genome-wide changes to how organisms encode proteins, boosting speed and accuracy. The nutrient's availability determines which codons are optimal for protein production, leading to widespread genetic changes.
A team of researchers found nearly double the number of genomic loci that might be coding for transfer RNAs (tRNAs) in humans, with most resembling mitochondrial tRNAs. The discovery suggests unexpected new links between the human nuclear and mitochondrial genomes.
Scientists create novel genomes in E. coli, expanding vocabulary and increasing resistance to viruses. The breakthrough enables safer, more productive biotechnology by introducing rare amino acids that only survive in lab environments.
Scientists discovered that rare codons near the start of a gene control protein production, allowing for more efficient bacterial reprogramming. This finding could lead to new methods for synthetic biologists to produce drugs and biological devices.
Researchers have created a novel vaccine candidate for Chikungunya virus using large-scale codon re-encoding, exhibiting stable phenotype and reduced viral fitness. The approach could lead to the rapid design of next-generation viral vaccines against emerging viral pathogens.
A team of researchers found that non-optimal codon usage slows translation of the genetic code into protein, allowing it to achieve its optimal structure. This discovery provides new insights into controlling the rates at which critically important proteins are synthesized and could lead to better understanding of cancers and diseases.
A study by Vanderbilt University researchers found that cells can alter their biological clocks by using different synonymous codons in the genetic code. This adaptation allows cells to survive in changing environments, such as varying temperatures, and potentially has applications in biotechnology like biofuel production.
A new study reveals how cells exploit gene sequences to survive toxic attacks by rapidly producing proteins that counteract the harm. The research found that toxic stresses reprogram the tRNA modifications to divert the cell's protein-building machinery away from routine activities to emergency action.
Researchers at UCSF find hidden genetic code layer influencing protein synthesis rates, even in 'silent' mutations. The discovery challenges long-held assumptions and may accelerate industrial protein production for biofuels and medicines.
Researchers found that the lack of structure on messenger RNA facilitates protein synthesis, even without a Shine-Dalgarno sequence. The absence of secondary structures on these mRNAs makes it easier for ribosomes to access and identify the start codon.
Researchers at the Salk Institute found that direct interactions between amino acids and nucleotide triplet anticodons helped establish matching pairs, leading to the modern genetic code. The study provides the first in vivo data shedding light on the origin and evolution of the genetic code.
The study found that key codons responsible for antigenic drift were identified in the HA1 gene of H3N2 influenza viruses. The mutations occurred over eight flu seasons and affected four times of antigenic drift in Fujian, China.
Researchers at the University of Maryland have defined the difference between near-cognate and non-cognate codons in messenger RNA, enabling more accurate design of drug therapies. This discovery could lead to improved treatment options for diseases caused by mutations in genes.
The GeneDesign program guides the design of DNA segments with exacting specifications required for studying gene function and genetically engineering cells. It automatically diagnoses design flaws in the sequence of bases making up the gene, simplifying the creation of artificial genes.
Researchers suggest primordial doublet code evolved into triplet system, explaining 20 amino acids and error tolerance. The theory also points to a hot primordial soup as the origin of life.
Researchers developed a novel method to pinpoint rapidly evolving genes in pathogens, revealing potential drug targets for tuberculosis and malaria. The technique analyzes genome sequences to identify genes under selective pressure, allowing for the discovery of previously unknown genes.
Scientists have identified a new amino acid, pyrrolysine, in a particular strain of microbe, Methanosarcina barkeri. The discovery suggests that even more genetically encoded amino acids may be found using modern genome sequencing techniques.