Articles tagged with Human Genetics
Researchers compared human male- and female-line genealogies with those of our closest animal relatives. Human 'Adam' is about 200,000 years old, while chimpanzee 'Adam' is over 1 million years old.
The ORFeome Collaboration has created a comprehensive library of open-reading frames, comprising 17,154 clones that code for full-length proteins. This resource allows researchers to express virtually any cell protein, enabling large-scale mapping of protein-protein interactions and functional screening.
A team of geneticists found that the R2d2 gene distorts cell division, leading to fewer offspring and violating Darwin's principle of natural selection. The discovery has implications for fields like basic biology, agriculture, and human health.
Researchers at UC San Diego School of Medicine have discovered a crucial HIV RNA modification called m6A that influences viral replication. Silencing the enzyme adding or removing m6A from RNA can increase or decrease HIV replication, offering new avenues for developing effective anti-HIV therapies.
A team of researchers found gene flow from early modern humans into Neanderthals around 100,000 years ago. This discovery challenges previous estimates and suggests that some modern humans may have left Africa earlier than thought.
Researchers found strong evidence of interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans, occurring tens of thousands of years earlier than previously thought. The team analyzed DNA from a specific Neanderthal individual, which showed human DNA, contradicting previous findings that dated such events to around 47,000-65,000 years ago.
Scientists discovered that Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens interbred at least twice, 100,000 and 50,000 years ago. The findings contradict the previous understanding of Neanderthals' genetic makeup and suggest a more complex evolutionary history.
Researchers found genetic evidence of interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans, occurring around 100,000 years ago. This event likely occurred when some modern humans left Africa early and mixed with Neanderthals.
Scientists have isolated a new type of herpes virus from bat cells, providing insights into the biology of these viruses and their potential to transmit to humans. The discovery could aid in understanding why bats are often associated with viral infections that can be transmitted to humans.
A new study published in Nature suggests that the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees evolved in Africa, not Eurasia, two million years earlier than previously thought. The analysis of fossils found in Ethiopia reveals that the human branch of the tree split from gorillas around 10 million years ago.
The bed bug's genome shows significant changes in receptor types for smell and taste, leading to increased resistance to pesticides. The decoded genome also reveals insights into the species' evolution from bat parasite to human feeder, highlighting genetic adaptations for chemosensation and traumatic reproduction.
Scientists have identified three previously unknown subgroups of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), a group of immune cells crucial for maintaining the barrier function of mucosa. This discovery was made possible by single-cell RNA sequencing, which allowed researchers to analyze gene expression across thousands of genes.
Scientists at the University of Sheffield have identified a network of genes that enables sharks to regenerate their teeth throughout their lifetime. Humans possess similar cells, but with limited tooth regeneration ability.
Researchers developed a new method to study genetic differences between long-separated species of yeast, providing insights into how mutations shape growth and behavior. The discovery has implications for understanding age-related diseases and developing new treatments.
Two Penn professors, Dorothy Roberts and Sarah Tishkoff, co-authored a piece in Science journal arguing that the use of genetic concepts of race is problematic and harmful. They recommend using terms like ancestry and population instead.
Researchers at Newcastle University have found that eliminating mitochondria from aging cells can rejuvenate them, highlighting the critical role of mitochondria in cellular aging. The study's findings shed light on how mitochondrial biogenesis drives cellular aging and pave the way for targeted therapies to counteract this process.
A team of scientists, including Michael Yudell, Dorothy Roberts, and Sarah Tishkoff, recommend phasing out race from genetic research due to its lack of clear-cut genetic boundaries. Instead, they propose using terms like 'ancestry' or 'population' to describe grouping for studies.
A Spanish study analyzed 2,000 volunteers and found that men sharing rare surnames have similar Y chromosomes, indicating they descended from the same original bearers. The correlation between surname frequency and Y chromosome variation only depends on surname frequency.
Dan R. Littman receives the $100,000 Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science for his fundamental insights into the immune system and its role in HIV pathogenesis. Young researchers Fernando Camargo, Roberta Capp, and Houra Merrikh win $50,000 Vilcek Prizes for Creative Promise for their innovative work on blood cell development.
A high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation leads to epigenetic changes in the offspring, affecting metabolic pathways regulated by the gut hormone GIP. Adult offspring are more susceptible to obesity and insulin resistance, similar mechanisms cannot be ruled out in humans.
Researchers at Columbia University develop a new model considering life history traits' impact on mutation rates, finding that the molecular clock wobbles as it evolves. This leads to revised estimates of the human-chimp split time, supporting a mutational slowdown and reconciling genetic and paleontological data.
A new study reveals that grey squirrels may not be as hardy as thought and were helped more by humans in their conquest of the British Isles. The research shows that different populations are genetically distinct, tracing human intervention in their movement to new areas.
A study exploring GABPa gene regulator reveals its influence as a master switch in energy metabolism and human brain evolution. Key findings include enrichment of GABPa sites at genes important for unique human functions and associations with diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and breast cancer.
A Northwestern University study uses fruit fly genetics to understand how normal cells switch to specialized states and how this process might go wrong in cancer. Researchers found that a protein called Yan fluctuates wildly during this transition, suggesting a critical role in the development of cancer cells.
A team of researchers has developed a system that predicts how to create any human cell type from another, eliminating the need for trial and error. This breakthrough has significant implications for treating various medical conditions and diseases.
A study of over 13,000 couples found that genetic variation affecting height influences mate choice, revealing an innate preference for partners of similar height. The research provides new insights into the mechanisms driving sexual attraction and human variation.
Researchers found a change in gene expression that may have contributed to the development of a weight-bearing structure in humans, allowing for bipedalism. The study identified a region in the human genome responsible for controlling armor plate size in threespine sticklebacks, which expressed higher levels of GDF6 in freshwater fish.
The CRISPR genome editing technique has been hailed as a breakthrough due to its ability to deliver genes precisely, low cost, and ease of use. It has enabled the creation of gene drives, human embryo editing, and the deletion of retrovirus DNA in pig genomes.
Researchers at the University of Zurich have made a groundbreaking discovery that the nucleus acts as a passive filter to regulate gene activity, reducing random noise. By visualizing subtle physiological details with microscopic dyes, they were able to detect and predict the activity of individual genes in human cells.
A recent study published in Oncogene reveals that alterations in an intermediate molecule called RNA can lead to protein mutations without DNA damage. This discovery highlights the importance of RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 in regulating gene expression and contributing to tumor growth.
Researchers at Joslin Diabetes Center have identified a key liver protein that accelerates the growth of insulin-producing beta cells, a critical step in treating all forms of diabetes. The protein, serpinB1, was found to be highly expressed in liver cells and boosted beta cell proliferation in human and mouse islets.
Researchers at UT Health Science Center discover how poxviruses outsmart the body's immune system by targeting a key restriction factor called SAMD9. This finding has significant implications for cancer treatment and therapy, as SAMD9 also suppresses tumors.
A Rutgers study links a protein in sperm to its counterpart in roundworms, providing clues to human infertility. The discovery could lead to more effective treatments and better contraceptives.
The Unified Microbiome Initiative aims to study the planet's least understood ecosystems, with potential breakthroughs in medicine, agriculture and environmental science. New genomic tools have linked microbes to various health issues, including obesity and brain development.
Researchers discovered unique gene variants that protect against neurodegenerative diseases in older adults, preserving their valuable contributions to society. These protective genes are present in Africa and evolved to help preserve elderly wisdom and cultural knowledge.
A comprehensive genomic study of turtle shells has identified unique adaptations in genes that control hard cutaneous layers, dating back to the evolution of claws and feathers. The study also reveals a shared genetic organization between turtles and humans, highlighting the common ancestry of these defense mechanisms.
A recent study by the University of Chicago has found that loneliness triggers fight-or-flight stress signaling, leading to increased production of white blood cells and impaired antiviral responses. This shift in monocyte output contributes to loneliness' associated health risks, including premature death.
Researchers at Kumamoto University have successfully connected iPS-derived kidney cells to a capillary network, enabling the formation of a functional filtration membrane. This breakthrough has significant implications for regenerative medicine and organ transplantation, particularly for patients with renal failure.
A collaborative team of researchers identified over 100 genes crucial for high-altitude adaptation in fruit flies, including more than 40 human equivalents. These genes prioritize respiratory system development and metabolic rewiring, enabling organisms to thrive in low-oxygen environments.
Researchers discovered human brains exhibit greater plasticity and adaptability than chimpanzee brains. Human brain organization is less influenced by genetics compared to chimpanzees, suggesting a strong role for environmental factors in shaping the human cerebral structure.
Research finds men carrying ApoE4 gene suffer more tiny brain bleeds and memory loss than women with similar diagnoses. The study provides new insights into the effects of ApoE4 on Alzheimer's disease in humans.
Michihisa Umetani, a University of Houston professor, has won a $5,000 grant from the Neuron-Genetics Institute to further research into hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5A. The prize will help him and his team investigate the role of 27-hydroxycholesterol in human physiology and disease.
Researchers at USC and Sangamo BioSciences have developed a more efficient method for editing genes in blood-forming stem cells (HSPCs), which could potentially treat diseases such as HIV and other blood disorders. By combining two delivery methods, the team achieved unprecedented efficiency rates ranging from 15 to 40 percent.
A team of researchers has developed a C. elegans worm model with mutations that cause Retinitis pigmentosa, a rare blindness subtype affecting over 1 million people worldwide. The study reveals the disease's specificity in the retina and proposes a new hypothesis based on genomic instability.
Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine used state-of-the-art techniques to survey the skin's virus population, or virome. Most DNA viruses on healthy human skin are viral 'dark matter' with never been described before.
Researchers have identified 1,450 genes linked to ageing, as well as a connection between these genes and lifestyle factors. The study found that individuals with a biological age older than their actual age are more likely to have conditions such as high blood pressure or cholesterol.
Researchers discovered evidence of plague infections in humans 4,800 years ago using DNA sequencing from ancient tooth samples. The Yersinia pestis lineage is believed to have acquired key virulence genes around 3,700-3,000 years ago, allowing it to spread via fleas.
Rutgers Genetics Research Center has been awarded a five-year grant to provide comprehensive stem-cell related services, including iPSC derivation and quality control. The new grant will enhance access to high-quality stem cells for researchers investigating Parkinson's, ALS, and Huntington's diseases.
A study of fossil species on Great Abaco Island reveals that humans were more significant a threat to island biodiversity than climate change. The discovery highlights the impact of human activities such as habitat alteration and introduction of invasive species, which can lead to rapid extinctions.
Researchers have identified the protein Panoramix, which enables cells to silence specific genes and prevent transposons from disrupting genomes. This discovery provides new insights into the innate defense mechanisms against genetic elements that can cause sterility in animals.
A study published in PLOS Medicine identified genetic ablation of P2RX7 as a promising approach to treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy, improving muscle structure, strength, and reducing cognitive impairment and bone loss. The findings suggest that P2RX7 antagonists may also reduce certain DMD phenotypes.
Researchers at Baylor College of Medicine studied tiny DNA minicircles containing only 336 base pairs to understand biologically active DNA. They found that the coiling caused many different shapes, including sharp bends and figure-8s, and showed how these structures facilitate DNA interactions with proteins and anticancer drugs.
A new grant from the NIH will support the creation of a national chimpanzee brain resource at GW University, providing access to tissue samples, MRI scans, and data for scientists. The resource aims to promote further study of chimpanzee brains for future generations.
New research reveals the three-dimensional structure of supercoiled DNA, showing it forms multiple shapes, including figure-8s and handcuffs. The study challenges the traditional Watson-Crick double helix structure, suggesting a dynamic nature that helps explain how a meter of DNA can fit in a human cell.
Scientists have identified microbes that produce methylmercury, a highly toxic form of mercury, in environments such as coastal sediments, marshes, and rice paddies. The discovery builds on previous work and highlights the risk of increased methylmercury production due to climate change.
Researchers identified a common genetic variant associated with aneuploidy, a condition causing chromosome gains and losses during embryonic development. The variant was found to be strongly linked to early pregnancy loss and IVF treatment failure.
Research reveals that human activities, particularly deforestation and fires, are driving genetic differentiation among the Udzungwa red colobus monkey in Tanzania. The study's findings suggest that these changes are threatening the species' survival, as smaller populations become isolated and more susceptible to extinction.
Researchers have discovered a new gene locus that explains why some African children develop severe malaria while others do not. The genetic variant, found in Kenyan children, reduces the risk of severe malaria by about 40% and lies within a region of the genome shared with chimpanzees.
The American Society for Cell Biology announced the winners of the 2015 Kaluza Prizes, recognizing outstanding graduate student bioscience research. Ten young scientists received cash and travel awards for their contributions to cell biology.
Researchers successfully silenced genes in human cells to induce immunity against the parasitic disease caused by E. histolytica, which affects 50 million people worldwide. The study identified key genes involved in managing potassium flow into and out of human cells, paving the way for new drug targets.