Articles tagged with Entropy
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers developed a method that characterizes collective dynamics of neural activity using principles from thermodynamics. They found that neurons dynamically reshape their interactions during behavior and that the brain's internal temporal asymmetry shifts during task engagement, shedding light on efficient computation.
Researchers at Pohang University of Science & Technology experimentally demonstrated the existence of nanometer-sized liquid clusters in supercritical fluids, overturning the prevailing notion of a single phase. These clusters persisted for up to an hour and have significant implications for industrial processes and natural environments.
Researchers have made key advances in synthesizing high-entropy MXenes, a family of 2D nanomaterials with tailored properties. By understanding the role of entropy and enthalpy, they created nearly 40 new layered materials with varying numbers of metal combinations.
Researchers develop a method to transform spin-glass-like quasicrystals into ferromagnetic materials with tunable magnetic properties and strong magnetocaloric response. The technique enables expanded electron-to-atom ratios, unlocking new possibilities for designing high-performance magnetic refrigeration materials.
A team of scientists at Pohang University of Science & Technology has developed a novel approach to enhance thermoelectric efficiency by controlling oxygen vacancies. By precisely controlling the number of oxygen vacancies in materials, they achieved a remarkable 91% improvement in thermoelectric performance.
Disordered energy hinders polariton formation and energy transfer in light-matter interactions. Researchers develop a strategy to overcome this limitation, retaining coherent delocalization for potential applications in energy technology and photonic engineering.
Researchers developed a universal approach to calculate liquid entropy using fundamental physical principles, achieving remarkable consistency with existing data. The new method predicts entropy accurately for various liquids, including sodium, and has significant implications for optimizing chemical reactions and material properties.
Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) is expanding its heat exchanger testing capabilities to include megawatt-scale performance evaluations. This move addresses a significant market gap for high-heat transfer rates involving high-temperature and -flowrate applications in data centers, defense, and other fields.
Tina Rost will use a $800,000 NSF CAREER award to control the disorder in high-entropy ceramics, making them stronger and more heat-resistant. Her team aims to develop new materials with tailored electrical, magnetic, and mechanical properties using machine learning-enhanced analysis.
A new perspective challenges current epigenetic clocks, which use DNA methylation patterns to estimate biological age, by failing to distinguish between different types of methylation changes. This could lead to inaccurate conclusions and potentially slow down progress in anti-aging research.
Researchers develop a novel analytical method to capture localized structures and reveal the intertwined behavior of multiple fluctuating fields. They introduce two new measures based on information entropy, which quantify structural complexity and degree of coupling between turbulent structures.
Researchers have developed a new approach to regularize the theory of critical phenomena by generalizing statistical mechanics. The new method, based on non-additive entropy, provides finite values for quantities that diverge in traditional theories, offering insights into complex systems.
A new thermodynamic theory explains the underlying laws of electrolyte design, guiding the development of advanced multifunctional electrolytes. The theory balances energy competition and entropy to determine dissolution and solvation structures, improving battery performance and lifespan.
Researchers developed a new method to measure changes in DNA that can help predict a person's age, focusing on how random chemical tags become over time. The study found that methylation entropy predicted age as accurately as traditional methods, with an average error of just five years.
Researchers developed a method to detect epileptic seizures in humans using canine EEG data. The approach leverages feature similarities across species and modalities, reducing input space discrepancies. Euclidean alignment and knowledge distillation are key components of the proposed joint alignment mechanism.
Koun Shirai bridges conventional physics and nonequilibrium materials to provide robust thermodynamic description of glasses. He redefines equilibrium as energy extraction impact, allowing tools of thermodynamics to apply to glasses.
Researchers at Osaka Metropolitan University developed new formulas to calculate key quantum informative quantities, including entanglement entropy and mutual information. These simplified expressions offer fresh perspectives into quantum behaviors in materials with different physical characteristics.
A groundbreaking new framework unifies gravity from quantum relative entropy, bridging the gap between quantum mechanics and Einstein's general relativity. The theory predicts a small, positive cosmological constant aligning with experimental observations.
Researchers demonstrate that quantum processes can be designed to comply with the second law, highlighting a harmonious coexistence between quantum mechanics and thermodynamics. Their findings open up new avenues for understanding thermodynamic boundaries of quantum technologies.
Research at TU Wien shows that quantum systems exhibit increasing entropy over time, even in isolated systems. This reconciles quantum theory with thermodynamics by defining a 'Shannon entropy' that depends on measurement probabilities.
Researchers use quantum information science to study the influence of entanglement on proton structure, revealing a more complex and dynamic system. The findings may offer insight into nuclear physics questions and inform future experiments at the Electron-Ion Collider.
Researchers investigated the impact of gradient microstructure on strain hardening in CoCrNi MEA, revealing that fault energy characteristics trigger nanoscale deformation twins and phase transformations to enhance strain hardening ability. Microscopic structures like nanotwin gradients also improve mechanical properties.
Researchers from Edith Cowan University suggest that travel could have positive health benefits, including slowing down the signs of ageing. Positive travel experiences enhance individuals' physical and mental wellness through exposure to novel environments, engagement in physical activities, and fostering of positive emotions.
A new editorial in Oncoscience explores the application of functional information to adapt radiation therapy to individual patients. This approach aims to reduce uncertainty and improve outcomes in cancer treatment by analyzing signal data uncertainty.
Researchers at Soochow University introduced coherence entropy as a global characterization of light fields subjected to random fluctuations. Coherence entropy remains stable during the propagation of light through complex media, making it a robust indicator of light field behavior in non-ideal conditions.
A team of researchers from the University of Kansas has discovered a microscopic mechanism that explains why a new class of organic semiconductors outperforms others. This breakthrough could lead to more efficient solar cells and photocatalysts for producing solar fuels, revolutionizing the clean energy sector.
A new study reveals that parents use less redundant language with older children, highlighting the impact of perceived language proficiency on communication. The researchers employed an innovative method by quantifying redundancy in infant-directed speech using entropy rate.
Researchers have developed a new mathematical tool to study cell protein degradation rates, which helps understand cell growth, death, and aging. The study found that not all proteins degrade at the same pace, with some breaking down in minutes, hours, or days.
Scientists have discovered a rule governing the phenomenon of quantum entanglement, known as the 'entropy' of entanglement. This finding could lead to better understanding and manipulation of quantum entanglement, a key resource for future quantum computers.
Researchers at Chalmers University of Technology developed a computational model to measure entropy production on the nanoscale in laser-excited crystalline materials. The model reveals that phonons, lattice vibrations, can produce entropy similar to bacteria in water.
Researchers have developed a novel methodology to measure entropy production in single red blood cells, finding an elusive rate of 10^-15 calories per second. This breakthrough has significant implications for understanding metabolism and energy transduction in living systems.
A team of researchers at the University of Illinois has demonstrated a technique to study chemical properties of lithium-ion battery cells by exploiting the Peltier effect. This allows them to experimentally measure the entropy of the lithium-ion electrolyte, which could inform lithium-ion battery design.
A new approach enables scientists to measure entropy production at the nanoscale, shedding light on energy efficiency and metabolic processes in living systems. The study uses colloidal particles to measure fluctuations in the red blood cell membrane and apply minuscule forces to analyze heat flow.
The research team created a mathematical model showing that no clock can have both infinite energy and perfect time resolution, setting limits to quantum computer capabilities. This realization impacts the speed and reliability of quantum computers, as current accuracy is limited by other factors.
Researchers developed an accelerating wave equation to solve daily phenomena, revealing a well-defined direction of time. The framework also predicts energy conservation in certain situations, including exotic materials.
A new model describes microswimmer self-propulsion energy requirements, enabling optimized shape designs and applications in microfluidics, biophysics, and material science. The study reveals surprising similarities between artificial and natural shapes.
Researchers have designed a hand-held model to demonstrate the concept of entropy for students, allowing them to confront the topic with new intuition. The model uses everyday materials to effectively demonstrate the quantitative nature of entropy, enabling students to reason correctly about its definition.
Scientists at PNNL developed a new technique to detect denial-of-service attacks, which improved detection accuracy by 90% compared to current methods. The technique focuses on the evolution of entropy, a measure of disorder in a system, and is automated, requiring minimal computing power or network resources.
A team of researchers from Kyoto University and international institutions has developed a mathematical solution to the temporal asymmetry of nonequilibrium disordered Ising networks. This breakthrough offers insights into the behavior of biological systems, machine learning, and AI tools.
A new source-device-independent quantum random number generator (QRNG) protocol has been developed, operating securely and independently of source devices. This allows for practical applications in secure quantum information tasks, with a reported generation rate of 4 megabits per second.
A team of researchers has discovered a liquid quasicrystal with a dodecagonal honeycomb structure, consisting of triangular, square, and trapezoidal cells. The discovery provides new insights into the formation of these special structures and offers promising applications in optics and electronics.
Scientists at Tokyo University of Science created a fracture-resistant alloy through heat-treatment, exhibiting improved elastocaloric properties and resistance to cyclical loads. The Cu-Zn-Al alloy showed significant increases in grain size, leading to enhanced cooling capabilities and paving the way for innovative refrigeration systems.
High-entropy metal telluride superconductors exhibit unique properties due to structural disorder and atomic vibrations. The discovery sheds light on the coupling between electrons and lattice vibrations, potentially leading to exotic superconductivity mechanisms.
Researchers at City University of Hong Kong found that tailoring cobalt concentration in high entropy alloys prevents nanoparticles from coarsening at high temperatures. This strategy opens a pathway for designing novel thermally stable chemically complex alloys for various engineering fields.
Researchers probed local structure and magnetic properties of a Mn-rich Cantor alloy using EXAFS and XMCD techniques. The results show complex magnetic ordering with coexistence of different phases, consistent with macroscopic behavior.
Scientists at The University of Tokyo's Institute of Industrial Science have developed a novel theory for describing nonlinear dissipative phenomena in a dual geometric space. This work enables the extension of thermodynamics to complex chemical reaction networks, including those involved in living organisms' metabolism and growth.
Researchers from The University of Tokyo created a geometric technique to characterize self-replication processes, shedding light on living systems' environmental conditions. This work aims to improve our understanding of biological reproduction and the theoretical limits governing chemistry and biology.
Researchers designed a centered error entropy-based sigma-point Kalman Filter to enhance the filtering algorithm's robustness in spacecraft attitude determination. The proposed CEEUKF outperformed classical methods and other robust algorithms in simulating non-Gaussian noise, achieving higher accuracy and faster convergence rates.
Researchers at Texas A&M University developed an AI framework to predict oxidation behavior of high entropy alloys, reducing experimental analysis time from years to minutes. This allows for the discovery of materials suitable for extreme environments, such as gas turbines and heat exchangers.
A research team from HKU discovered clear evidence of a highly entangled quantum matter, known as a quantum spin liquid (QSL), through large-scale simulations on supercomputers. The findings suggest the existence of QSLs in nature and provide new insights into topological order and quantum entanglement.
Researchers have developed a single-cell PV design integrated with nonreciprocal optical components to provide 100-percent reuse of emitted radiation, breaking the Shockley–Queisser limit. This breakthrough enables a quasimonochromatic radiation converter to reach the theoretically maximum Carnot efficiency.
Researchers discovered that chromatin entropy increases during aging, leading to epigenetic dysregulation and cellular senescence. The study found that aberrant expression of placenta-related genes is a key driver of cellular aging.
Researchers proposed and experimentally demonstrated an all-optical random bit generation method using chaotic pulses quantized in the optical domain. This method generated a 10 Gb/s random bit stream, potentially operable at higher rates by exploiting ultrafast fiber response.
A research group has synthesized electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries using inexpensive elements, reducing industrial reliance on rare metals like cobalt and nickel. The new materials also show promise in improving the safety of LIBs.
A study published in Nature found that people raised in rural areas outperform those from cities, particularly grid-pattern streets, in navigating spatial environments. This suggests that the simplicity of rural street networks influences navigational abilities.
Researchers at Penn State have developed Zentropy theory, a new approach to understanding entropy that can predict anomalies in physical properties like volume. The theory may lead to breakthroughs in designing superconducting materials and structural materials that withstand higher temperatures.
A team of physicists discovered that quantum systems can exhibit superposition of forward and backward time flows, leading to complex laws governing time flow. In certain cases with small entropy, observing the consequences of a system's evolution along both temporal directions becomes physically possible.
Researchers have discovered a three-channel Kondo effect in a cubic holmium compound using numerical methods, predicting an exotic quantum ground state and potential applications. The study found a residual entropy value at ultra-low temperatures, matching the predicted value by the three-channel Kondo effect.
Researchers from Nagoya University have found a dynamical one-parameter scaling for surface roughness and entanglement entropy in random quantum systems. This discovery has implications for understanding nonequilibrium physics and classifying universal phenomena.
Researchers at Arizona State University have refined cryogenic electron microscopy to produce more accurate structures of biological samples. The new method uses a statistical approach to model transitory structures, which can play a vital role in biological processes.