Articles tagged with Entropy
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers at North Carolina State University developed a new method to calculate thermodynamic properties using partition function zeros on quantum computers. By calculating the zeros of the partition function, they can determine free energy, entropy, and other properties without necessitating huge numbers of quantum computations.
Researchers developed a novel evidence-based material recommender system that predicts high entropy alloy formation without data descriptors, overcomes data bias and poor availability. The method recommends an FeMnCoNi alloy as the most probable HEA and successfully synthesizes it, confirming its validity.
Scientists at São Paulo State University discovered that compressing paramagnetic salts adiabatically can produce magnetization. The process aligns the particles' spins, resulting in a constant total entropy and magnetized system. This method has potential applications in investigating other interacting systems.
Research from Tohoku University and Johns Hopkins University sheds new light on the glass transition in metallic glasses, influenced by high configuration entropy. The study introduces a novel glass-forming system with unprecedented thermodynamic and dynamic characteristics.
Researchers have developed the fastest real-time quantum random number generator to date, combining a photonic integrated chip with optimized postprocessing. The device generates truly random numbers at nearly 19 gigabits per second and measures only 15.6 by 18.0 millimeters.
Researchers at DGIST developed new algorithms to estimate min-entropy, a key metric for cryptography, using less data and improving speed. The new approach can be used in memory-constrained devices like Internet-of-things devices.
A comprehensive study in mice reveals a roadmap of muscle decline with age, identifying key molecular mechanisms and potential new treatments. Klotho supplementation improved muscle strength in old but not oldest-old mice, suggesting earlier intervention may prevent declines.
Scientists at Weizmann Institute of Science and MIT measure electronic entropy in twisted bilayer graphene, revealing giant magnetic entropy. The discovery provides an electronic analogue to the Pomeranchuk effect, where a material can exhibit unusual phase transitions.
Researchers from the University of Warwick have developed a novel technique called Polymer Substrate Fingerprinting, which identifies every banknote's unique fingerprint. This method can uniquely identify each individual banknote with extremely high accuracy, even under rough handling.
A UC San Diego engineer is developing a research platform to study new materials that melt at temperatures higher than 4000 degrees Celsius. The team aims to increase the melting point of materials by mixing large numbers of different atoms together, reducing the driving force for the solid to melt.
Physicist David Wolpert developed a hybrid formalism to analyze far-from-equilibrium systems with explicitly distinguished subsystems. The formalism combines advances in nonequilibrium statistical physics and graphical models, allowing for the study of nanoscale systems like biological cells.
Researchers developed a framework to analyze entropy in quantum systems, allowing for control over measurements and improving the quality of quantum computer readouts. The study demonstrates the importance of understanding the link between thermodynamics and quantum measurements.
Researchers developed a new method to synthesize unconventional nanoalloys composed of immiscible metals, which showed superior performances in electrocatalytic reactions. The approach uses vapor-source technology and allows for control over composition and size, enabling the creation of cost-effective, highly active, and durable elect...
Researchers at the University of Michigan discovered a new class of semiconducting materials stabilized by entropy. These materials, such as GeSnPbSSeTe high-entropy chalcogenide alloys, exhibit ambipolar doping, ultralow thermal conductivity, and a wide range of functional properties.
A Kanazawa University researcher proposes a novel cosmological model that extends the concept of black hole thermodynamics. The model satisfies the second law of thermodynamics on the horizon and suggests regions where cosmological models are favored from a thermodynamic viewpoint.
A new artificial neural network model has been developed to solve inverse problems, demonstrating accuracy comparable to the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) approach. The model's versatility and robustness against noisy data have been showcased in various tests, including recovering electron single-particle spectral densities.
Researchers at Kiel University successfully measured entropy in complex plasmas using video microscopy and laser technology. They found that the thermodynamic fundamentals are fulfilled, leading to new insights into strongly coupled systems.
A new study proposes using standard compression algorithms like zip software to calculate entropy, providing insights into protein folding and other complex systems. This method has endless applications in fields such as biomedical simulations and basic research.
Flipons are sequences that alter DNA conformation, enabling cells to dynamically modify gene expression. This adaptable coding allows cells to change their response to environmental stressors, such as oxidative stress, which promotes Z-DNA flipon formation.
A new theory suggests that consciousness arises from synchronized neural activity and is guided by thermodynamic principles. During conscious states, the brain has higher entropy and more connected neural networks, leading to greater mental flexibility.
Researchers have discovered exponential patterns in RNA diffusion rates within cells, displaying the highest possible degree of disorder or entropy. This pattern is linked to small-scale diffusive behaviors and can be compared to thermodynamic behaviors in larger systems.
The research team derived precise values of enthalpy and entropy of numerous silver compounds, enabling predictions of chemical processes in the gas phase. The findings will help manage thin film and pure sample deposition from the gas phase.
Researchers at Washington University in St. Louis compared forward and reverse trajectories of superconducting circuits called qubits, finding that they follow the second law of thermodynamics and exhibit increasing entropy.
Researchers found that by making the right choices in modeling, temperature gradients can accurately predict pressure and composition changes without assumptions. The study developed an equation to express pressure gradient, which revealed special cases where residual entropy affects pressure gradients.
Researchers have discovered a class of disordered materials that can exhibit massive cooling effects when subjected to low pressure. The materials, called plastic crystals, display extremely high entropy changes, making them ideal for emerging solid-state refrigeration technologies.
Experiments with Bose-Einstein condensates and optomechanical cavities reveal an increase in irreversibility due to quantum fluctuations. This counterintuitive discovery challenges current understanding of entropy production.
Researchers describe an extended quantum Maxwell's demon that violates the second law of thermodynamics in a system up to 5 meters away from the device. The demon channels entropy away from a target qubit, reducing its disorder without affecting its energy.
Researchers at Duke University and UC San Diego have discovered a new class of carbides that are harder and lighter than current materials, with high melting points. The five-metal carbides, which rely on disorder for stability, may find use in industries such as machinery, hardware, and aerospace.
Researchers at Columbia University developed a new method to quantify visual complexity in line charts, enabling easier decision-making in emergency settings. The 'Pixel Approximate Entropy' technique provides a score that automatically identifies difficult charts, facilitating the development of more intelligent data science systems.
A team of researchers from the University of Minnesota and University of Massachusetts Amherst has developed a method to predict molecular motion with high accuracy when confining molecules in small nanocages. This breakthrough discovery could improve the production of fuels and chemicals, as well as capture CO2 from the air.
Researchers at Penn State successfully organized atoms in a lattice to lower entropy, which could aid in creating a quantum computer. This achievement uses uncharged atoms as qubits, enabling multiple states simultaneously and making computation more efficient.
Qrypt has licensed a novel cybersecurity technology from Oak Ridge National Laboratory to fortify encryption methods. The company will incorporate the quantum random number generator into its platform, using unique and unpredictable encryption keys to create virtually impenetrable communications.
Researchers used functional MRI scans to measure brain entropy in 892 participants and found a strong link between higher entropy and intelligence, as measured by standard IQ tests. This suggests that brain imaging could one day help assess problems in brain function for conditions like depression and autism.
A new study by Loris Ferrari examines the practical consequences of two entropy theories in small systems. The research finds that certain quantities can be measured experimentally to assess which theory is more accurate, resolving a long-standing debate between Ludwig Boltzmann and Willard Gibbs.
Two researchers at The University of Tokyo's Institute of Industrial Science have revealed new insights into the behavior of supercooled liquids when they are made to flow by shearing. They found that the two-body structural entropy is the key quantity to understanding shear thinning, which is an industrially very important process.
A new study by Brazilian researchers resolves the 'fundamental paradox of stellar dynamics', describing galaxy clusters' violent relaxation as displaying unique behavior with entropy oscillation. Entropy increases at the end of the process, but fluctuates in the initial stage, contrary to conventional understanding.
Researchers at Northwestern University have discovered that cerium's electronic entropy is the underlying reason for its success in water-splitting technologies. Cerium's large entropy makes it ideal for hydrogen production, opening up possibilities for future work in creating a more efficient and environmentally friendly energy system.
Researchers at SISSA shed light on the microscopic origin of thermodynamics by showing that isolated systems exhibit increasing entropy due to entanglement with the rest of the system. This resolves the paradox between quantum mechanics and thermodynamics, providing new insights into the behavior of extended quantum systems.
Metal-nitride nanowires show high sensitivity to light when arranged in nano-sized wires, but thermal effects significantly impact their performance at room temperature. Researchers have developed a detailed study to quantify the effect of photoinduced entropy on device performance.
Researchers precisely measured the entropy of a cerium copper gold alloy to shed light on high-temperature superconductivity and similar phenomena. The study provides new evidence about the possible causes of these phenomena near a quantum critical point, where electrons fluctuate between two different quantum states.
Researchers developed a new method to control nanoparticle organization in ultrathin polymer films through entropy-driven segregation. This approach, SCPINS, enables well-controlled nanoparticle organization on a submicron scale without tuning enthalpic interactions through chemistry.
A team of scientists from Empa and PSU investigated the DBS molecule's rotation rates at different temperatures, finding a non-uniform energy landscape. The results suggest that entropy plays a crucial role in molecular mobility even at low temperatures.
Researchers used an STM to study changes in single-molecule shape and found that the tip's position impacts energy requirements and entropy. The team observed changes in energy barriers and attempt rates at low temperatures, linking entropy to fundamental physical parameters.
New research at Brown University finds that a non-equilibrium phenomenon relies on entropy to emerge, surprising scientists who thought disorder would decrease as systems move away from equilibrium. The study's results have implications for our understanding of entropy and may lead to new practical applications.
Researchers have developed a new method to interpret the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide core, extracting data on sea surface temperatures and tracking climate change. The technique reveals signs of an entropy increase around 10,000 years ago, suggesting human impacts on climate began before the Industrial Revolution.
Princeton University researchers have developed a new model that creates a 'perfect glass' that never crystallizes, even at absolute zero. The model considers 2-, 3-, and 4-body interactions to suppress crystallization, revealing unique properties of perfect glasses.
Massive simulations reveal intrinsic disorder and dynamic surface rearrangements in certain polar surfaces, affecting mechanical, catalytic and sensor properties.
Argonne researchers posit way to locally circumvent Second Law of Thermodynamics, predicting conditions under which entropy might decrease on the microscopic level, potentially enabling a local quantum perpetual motion machine.
Researchers have discovered that flexible molecules can bind more effectively to proteins causing diseases like breast cancer. This finding could lead to the development of more effective pharmaceutical drugs. By maintaining molecular flexibility, scientists may be able to create stronger bindings with disease-causing proteins.
The study reveals alternating periods of high- and low-wavelet entropy (WS) in rat V1 during image processing, indicating dynamic LFPs with synchronized and complexly ordered activity. The parameters RWE and WS quantify neural population activity characteristics that may help decipher visual processing and object recognition.
A team of physicists has developed a new method to calculate the thermodynamics of black holes, leveraging quantum gravity and holographic principles. The study proposes that a 'condensate' of space quanta can describe homogeneous classical geometries, allowing for a more realistic and robust calculation of black hole entropy.
A team of chemists and physicists used atomic force microscopy to capture snapshots of molecules reacting on a catalyst's surface, revealing intermediate structures lasting for up to 20 minutes. This breakthrough expands the toolbox for designing new catalytic reactions and has implications for fields like materials science and medicine.
A team of researchers has successfully imaged all steps in a complex organic reaction, revealing the mechanisms behind it. The study used atomic force microscopy to visualize the bond configuration of reactants, intermediates, and products, providing new insights into the stabilization of intermediates.
Research by Georgia Institute of Technology's Harold Kim reveals DNA's movements defy intuition, with entropic forces prevailing over elastic ones. The study improves understanding of how DNA snaps free from proteins and may help predict the lifespans of DNA loops.
Researchers developed a mathematical tool to assess brain damage from concussions and predict migraine headaches. Using information theory, they found that Shannon entropy analysis performed better than mean FA as a diagnostic test.
Researchers at St John's College, University of Cambridge, developed a computer program that can answer the mind-bending puzzle of arranging 128 soft spheres. The solution, 10^250, vastly exceeds the total number of particles in the universe and has implications for understanding configurational entropy and its applications in physics ...
North Carolina State University researchers created an entropy-stabilized material made up of five different oxides in roughly equal amounts. The constituent atoms were evenly distributed and their placement in the crystalline lattice structure was random, proving that entropy can stabilize complex oxide alloys.
Researchers at UC Berkeley cooled a gas to record-low entropy and temperature, allowing them to model high-temperature superconductors. This achievement could lead to the discovery of new materials with superconducting properties without requiring cooling.
Researchers from the University of Maryland have described a new definition of chaos that can be applied to a wide range of chaotic systems. Expansion entropy, a flexible type of entropy, is used to identify chaotic behavior in models that are forced by external inputs. This new definition has the potential to help advance computer mod...
Using powerful computer simulations, researchers identified a material made of hafnium, nitrogen, and carbon with a melting point of over 4,400 kelvins, two-thirds the temperature at the surface of the sun. The next step is to synthesize the material and corroborate the findings in the lab.