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Science News for September 10, 2018


A subway map for diabetes

University of Tokyo researchers have developed a trans-omics approach that maps the interactions between molecules inside cells in response to insulin. This comprehensive understanding may lead to better therapies for type 2 diabetes by identifying potential drug targets and optimizing insulin regimens.

SourceUniversity of Tokyo·JournaliScience·DateSep 10, 2018

Transparency may improve US home buyout programs

A Stanford University study found that lack of transparency in US home buyout programs leads to lower participation rates and perpetuates social inequality. The research suggests increasing clarity on decision criteria, community involvement, and emphasis on equitable relocation can improve the program's effectiveness.

SourceStanford University·JournalClimatic Change·DateSep 10, 2018

Farmers on the front lines

Researchers analyzed climate change's effects on marine aquaculture production, finding it's already impacting producers today and will worsen unless proactive measures are taken. The study highlights the need for countries to prepare for climate change and develop adaptive measures to ensure sustainable seafood production worldwide.

SourceUniversity of California - Santa Barbara·JournalNature Ecology & Evolution·DateSep 10, 2018

Global nutrition group issues first-ever consensus criteria for diagnosing malnutrition

The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition has published a consensus report outlining five criteria for malnutrition diagnosis. The criteria include phenotypic and etiologic measures to assess malnutrition in adults. A two-step approach is recommended for diagnosis, involving screening and assessment.

New research shows how we turn on and off languages

Bilingual individuals exhibit unique brain activity when switching between languages, with increased cognitive control activity during disengagement. In contrast, engaging in a new language comes relatively cost-free from a neurobiological standpoint, suggesting that the burden of language-switching lies in disengagement.

SourceNew York University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateSep 10, 2018

Zika virus strips immune cells of their identity

Researchers have developed a method to separate infected and uninfected cells, revealing how Zika virus manipulates the human immune system by suppressing gene production in macrophage cells. This approach provides a more accurate account of Zika's effect on macrophages and shows that the virus uses two methods to stop their function.

SourceUniversity of California - San Diego·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateSep 10, 2018

Computer model reveals effect of increased cholesterol on specific ion channel in heart

Researchers used a computer model to study the effect of increased cholesterol on a specific ion channel involved in regulating potassium levels in the heart. They found that increasing cholesterol levels made interactions with the channel more numerous, overwhelming it and interfering with its ability to open and close normally.

SourceNorth Carolina State University·JournalBiophysical Journal·DateSep 10, 2018

One in four older adults prescribed a benzodiazepine goes on to risky long-term use

A new study published in JAMA Internal Medicine found that one in four older adults prescribed benzodiazepines continue to use them long-term. The research highlights the need for better education and critical thinking among healthcare providers to reduce the risk of long-term use, particularly among low-income older adults.

SourceMichigan Medicine - University of Michigan·JournalJAMA Internal Medicine·DateSep 10, 2018

In gut we trust when it comes to choices

A study published by the American Psychological Association suggests that focusing on feelings instead of logic in decision-making leads to increased attitude certainty and stronger advocacy for chosen options. This approach can also change behavior, as seen in experiments where participants who made intuitive decisions shared their ch...

Coastal erosion in the Arctic intensifies global warming

A recent study by Alfred Wegener Institute researchers found that the loss of Arctic permafrost through coastal erosion led to significant increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere during the last glacial period. This phenomenon is now being studied to understand its potential impact on future climate warming.

What time is it in your body?

Researchers at Northwestern University developed a simple blood test called TimeSignature that can identify the body's precise internal time clock. The test measures gene expression markers and can be taken any time of day, allowing for more accurate diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer's.

SourceNorthwestern University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateSep 10, 2018

Drought, conflict and migration in Kenya

Researchers surveyed 1400 Kenyans affected by drought, finding that those who relocated are more likely to experience violence. However, migrants themselves do not express increased support for violence, suggesting a complex relationship between migration and conflict.

SourceUniversity of Utah·JournalEnvironmental Research Letters·DateSep 10, 2018

Encouraging scientists to collaborate on the tropics

A recent study published in Biotropica investigates collaboration among scientists in tropical ecology, revealing an increase in international collaboration and representation of tropically-based scientists. The study analyzed years' worth of articles to look for changes in author affiliations and found that more scientists from tropic...

SourceUniversity of Miami·JournalBiotropica·DateSep 10, 2018

Following Twitter conversations around hacked diabetes tools to manage blood sugar

Researchers analyzed Twitter conversations around OpenAPS, a DIY system combining off-the-shelf CGMs and insulin pumps, to understand its benefits and limitations. The study found that OpenAPS improved self-reported A1C and glucose variability while reducing daily distress and burden, but also raised concerns about safety and regulation.

SourceUniversity of Utah Health·JournalJournal of Diabetes Science and Technology·DateSep 10, 2018

Primary care is an untapped resource for depression screening

A new study identifies missed opportunities for catching depression in non-White and medically ill patients, as well as men, who are less likely to be screened. The research suggests that combining hazardous alcohol use screening with a simple questionnaire could improve treatment outcomes for these at-risk populations.

SourceUniversity of California - San Francisco·JournalThe Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine·DateSep 10, 2018

Peatland carbon sinks at risk

Peatlands, which store up to 530 billion tons of global carbon, are vulnerable to climate change due to changing temperature and precipitation patterns. The study found that temperate regions in warmer periods can accumulate more carbon than tropical regions, but ultimately release it as warming intensifies.

SourceUniversity of Queensland·JournalNature·DateSep 10, 2018

Discovery of the earliest drawing

Archaeologists have discovered the oldest known abstract drawing made with a piece of ocher used as a pencil, dated to 73,000 years ago. The drawing, found on a silcrete fragment in Blombos Cave in South Africa, confirms that early humans intentionally created and used symbols.

SourceCNRS·JournalNature·DateSep 10, 2018

The universality of shame

Research found that the intensity of shame people feel when imagining various actions accurately predicts the degree to which those actions would lead others to devalue them. This universal human quality helps individuals balance personal costs and benefits with social costs and benefits.

SourceUniversity of California - Santa Barbara·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateSep 10, 2018

Binge drinking affects male and female brains differently

Repeated binge drinking alters gene expression in the brain, affecting hormone signaling and immune function in females, while nerve signaling is impacted in males. This study highlights the importance of tailoring treatments for male and female patients with alcohol use disorder.

SourceFrontiers·JournalFrontiers in Genetics·DateSep 10, 2018

Just seven photons can act like billions

Researchers created a system with just seven photons and found that phase transitions occur in these small systems, allowing for the study of quantum properties. This discovery has potential applications in measurement or sensing, as well as exploring properties at the smallest scale when phase transitions occur.

SourceImperial College London·JournalNature Physics·DateSep 10, 2018

Peatlands will store more carbon as planet warms

New research suggests global warming will cause peatlands to absorb more carbon initially, but the effect will weaken as warming increases. The study highlights the importance of protecting intact peatlands and restoring drained peatlands to prevent rapid rates of peat decomposition.

SourceUniversity of Exeter·JournalNature Climate Change·DateSep 10, 2018

Switch in the climatic factors controlling vegetation dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau

Researchers analyzed precipitation and temperature records with NDVI data from 1982-2011 to find a shift in the climate factors controlling vegetation dynamics on the central and southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The study suggests that global warming may be contributing to this change, potentially impacting regional ecosystems.

SourceInstitute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences·JournalAdvances in Atmospheric Sciences·DateSep 10, 2018

Articles focus on Medicaid work requirements

Two research letters examine the impact of Medicaid work requirements on recipients, estimating the number at risk of losing coverage and calculating associated spending. State-level estimates also provide insight into those meeting proposed work requirements.

SourceJAMA Network·JournalJAMA Internal Medicine·DateSep 10, 2018

Algorithm accurately predicts how electromagnetic waves and magnetic materials interact

UCLA engineers have developed a new computational tool that accurately models how magnetic materials interact with incoming radio signals at the nanoscale. This allows for the design of next-generation communications devices with improved data transport capabilities and reduced noise interference.

SourceUCLA Samueli School of Engineering·JournalIEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques·DateSep 10, 2018

US wildfire smoke deaths could double by 2100

A new study simulates the effects of wildfire smoke on human health, predicting that deaths from chronic inhalation of wildfire smoke could increase to over 40,000 per year by the end of the 21st century. The number of fire-related particulate matter deaths is expected to more than double in the worst-case-scenario prediction model.

SourceAmerican Geophysical Union·JournalGeoHealth·DateSep 10, 2018

Intravascular ultrasound-guided percutaneous coronary intervention: An updated review

The use of intravascular ultrasound guidance during percutaneous coronary intervention has been shown to improve clinical outcomes, particularly in reducing ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization. IVUS guidance has also been associated with a decrease in intraobserver variability in angiographic borderline lesions.

SourceCardiovascular Innovations and Applications·JournalCardiovascular Innovations and Applications·DateSep 10, 2018

Clinical need absent, unclear in nearly 30 percent of outpatient opioid prescriptions

A national analysis of physician visit records found that nearly 30 percent of outpatient opioid prescriptions lack clear documentation of the reason for use. This raises concerns about inappropriate prescribing and lax documentation practices. The study highlights the need for stricter requirements on documenting the need for opioids.

SourceHarvard Medical School·JournalAnnals of Internal Medicine·DateSep 10, 2018

Device to corral viable sperm may speed IVF process

A microfluidic device created by Cornell University scientists can corral viable sperm in minutes, improving IVF chances. The device uses rheotaxis to separate highly motile sperm from weaker ones, reducing the time-consuming and tedious process of conventional methods.

SourceCornell University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateSep 10, 2018