Articles tagged with Economic History
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Routine weather events like rain and cooler days can have a significant impact on the US economy, affecting every state. The study found that the mining and agriculture sectors are particularly sensitive to changes in temperature and precipitation.
Routine weather events like rain and cooler days can impact US economy up to $485 billion per year. The study found finance, manufacturing, agriculture, and other sectors sensitive to changes in the weather.
A team of researchers used museum specimens to document a wave of <i> Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis </i> infection spreading from southern Mexico to western Guatemala and Costa Rica. The study highlights the devastating impact of this epidemic on amphibian populations, with over 40% in decline globally.
A multidisciplinary team of scientists, led by Caltech's Nathan S. Lewis, will partner with institutions like Berkeley Lab to develop a method to produce fuels directly from sunlight. The goal is to simulate nature's photosynthetic apparatus for practical energy production.
Experts propose a bold vision of hope by translating advances in worm, mouse, and rat research into therapies for humans. The new science of aging can form the basis for a new kind of medicine that focuses on underlying changes driving age-related diseases.
University of Houston professor Paul Gregory's new book reveals previously hidden facts about Stalin's regime, shedding light on the early development of totalitarian regimes. The book tells the story of Nikolai Bukharin and Anna Larina, who clashed with Stalin over their visions for Russia's future.
A new study published in Oxford Economic Papers reveals that ethnic minorities in Britain are better educated than their white peers, but face lower employment probabilities. The research shows significant wage disparities between British-born ethnic minority individuals and their white peers, particularly for men.
A recent study by Professor James Campbell of the University at Buffalo found that Democratic and Republican presidents have had comparable economic records, contradicting a previous finding by Princeton professor Larry Bartels. Campbell argues that the key difference lies in how the economic data is analyzed, taking into account the s...
A new analysis by UCSF researchers found that African Americans account for over 8% of smoking-attributable healthcare expenditures and 13% of smoking-attributable mortality costs in California. The study aimed to provide an objective picture of the economic burden of tobacco use on African American Californians.
A University of Utah scientist argues that energy conservation doesn't save energy, but instead spurs economic growth and accelerated energy consumption. The study finds a constant link between global energy use and accumulated economic productivity, tied to a physical constant of 9.7 milliwatts per inflation-adjusted dollar.
Theoretical biologist Peter Turchin and ancient historian Walter Scheidel developed a mathematical model using coin hoards to project population dynamics before and after 100 BC. The model suggests that the Roman population declined after 100 BC, contradicting the 'high count' hypothesis of vigorous growth.
Researchers estimate ancient Rome's population declined after 100 B.C. based on a unique method using coin hoards, bundles of buried Roman coins. The study suggests intense internal warfare led to the decline, with implications for understanding current Roman history and social structure.
A trove of Benjamin Franklin letters has been discovered in the British Library, dating from 1755. The letters, written by Thomas Birch and copied by him in 1757 or 1758, provide new insights into the 'wagon affair' and Franklin's involvement in the French and Indian War.
A new study reveals that Chinese consumers attach political meanings to Western brands and connect them to important moments in Chinese history. Chinese consumers are finding ways to appropriate symbols and goods to create a new Chinese narrative, infusing Western brands with meaning and articulating a reaction to the West.
A new study measures global land degradation using remotely sensed imagery, revealing 24% of the world's productive land is degrading. The worst-hit areas are Africa south of the Equator, SE Asia and S China, with a quarter of the world's population depending on these degrading areas.
The journal has published a special anniversary issue featuring key articles on multiculturalism, environmentalism, and the impact of media technologies. Podcasts were also produced to stimulate discussion on topics such as electronic games and multi-racial television.
A new report by International Center for Alcohol Policies reveals widespread consumption of noncommercial alcohol in sub-Saharan Africa, southern Asia, and central/eastern Europe. The report highlights the detrimental effects of this illicit alcohol on society, including contamination and toxicity posing serious public health threats.
The American Society of Plastic Surgeons reports a decline in cosmetic surgical procedures due to the economic downturn, with regions like Northeast and Southeast being most affected. In contrast, minimally invasive procedures like Botox, chemical peels, and hyaluronic fillers have seen an increased demand.
Lisa White, associate dean at San Francisco State University, received the Geological Society of America's first Bromery Award for founding SF Rocks, a program introducing underrepresented minorities to geosciences. The award recognizes her efforts to increase diversity in the field.
Researchers argue that traditional informed consent processes may no longer be sufficient for long-term studies using biological materials. New approaches, including ongoing communication with participants, are needed to ensure participants' rights are protected.
A recent study published in Social Science Quarterly explores the impact of religious behaviors and beliefs on political participation. Researchers found that generalized, macro religious beliefs have a significant effect on national political participation, while individually experienced micro beliefs have no influence.
A new book by Professor Frank Trentmann shows that Free Trade was once a popular movement in Britain, promoting citizenship, justice, and democracy. It argues that consumerism did not necessarily make people apathetic, but rather mobilized them politically.
A new study by Professor Michael Rowlinson reveals that nearly all UK and US companies produce historical accounts of themselves, but the quality is extremely variable. Many UK companies could improve the way they present their history to the public, which can impact consumers' views of their longevity and trustworthiness.
The AmIVital project aims to develop specific ready-to-use products and a technological platform for remote assistance using intelligent devices, biosensors, and multimodal interfaces. The project will benefit 21.6% of the world's population aged 65+, with a focus on elderly and disabled people.
A special section in The Lancet examines the intersections between medicine and society, highlighting the impact of direct-to-consumer drug advertising on patients' expectations and doctors' professional clout. The essays explore how pharmaceutical ads create new societal perceptions of disease, normalcy, and wellness.
A recent study suggests that the emergence of diversified social roles for men, women, and children in Homo sapiens provided a competitive advantage over Neanderthals. This division of economic labor enabled modern humans to thrive in ecologically diverse tropical and sub-tropical regions.
A recent study by Georgia Institute of Technology Professor Kenneth Knoespel explores the intersection of Sir Isaac Newton's alchemical practice and his work in economics, showing how his ideas on value were transformed into a systematic structure of social value.
Chinese immigrants aspire to Australia's free, democratic culture with a focus on social and environmental interests. They perceive Australians as friendly, open, and balanced between work and enjoyment.
Researchers have long wondered how Chaco rulers controlled outlying communities, but a new book suggests that the Southwestern skies played a crucial role in establishing a 'line-of-site' system. The book explores Chaco's economy, politics, and history, shedding light on the culture's architecture and settlement patterns.
A recent study by János Kornai examines the changes in Central Eastern Europe, confirming a unique transformation that took place peacefully and rapidly. However, everyday life has seen deep economic troubles and cognitive problems, leading to pain, bitterness, and disappointment for many.
A study compares the impact of information and communications technologies (ICTs) with that of steam power in the 19th century. The research found that globalization leads to both losses and gains, with industries based on strong clusters of activity surviving low wage foreign competition.
The Stanford Institute for the Environment has awarded a total of $640,000 in grants to support innovative interdisciplinary research. Five proposals have been selected for funding, including projects focused on reintroducing butterflies to campus lands and assessing agricultural-urban water markets in India.
Researchers found that tufted capuchin monkeys performed similarly to humans in making decisions under uncertainty, but also made similar mistakes. The study sheds light on the evolutionary origins of human economic behavior and its implications for understanding consumer decision-making.
A new study by J. Lawrence Broz suggests that the economic status of US citizens plays a significant role in shaping aid policies towards Mexico and Asia. The study found that constituents who oppose ESF rescues are more likely to lose from globalization, making them less concerned with global economic stability.
Researchers found significant variations in GCSE exam entries between schools, driven by subject departments' performance and social background of peers, rather than school type or socio-economic status.
The US government has struggled to allocate resources effectively, with basic science being funded without practical ends. New criteria aim to prioritize fields based on their contributions to related areas, with peer review and economic evaluations playing a crucial role in the process.
Comparative literature expert Eric Cazdyn examines the relationship between Japanese film history and societal shifts. His research reveals how changes in film techniques reflect broader cultural transformations, including increased citizen participation and experimentation during times of economic turmoil.
The Northeast region experienced slow population growth during the 1990s, primarily due to high levels of domestic out-migration. New foreign immigration played a crucial role in offsetting this trend, with nearly 3.1 million new immigrants arriving in the region, accounting for over 100% of population growth.
Researchers found that Canadians are less likely to retire in a year where working an additional year would increase their lifetime benefits significantly. The study shows that seniors recognize the importance of retiring at age 60 due to incentive systems in place.
A new software game is being launched to address the lack of computer educational activities for girls, particularly those from underrepresented groups. The game, 'The Adventures of Josie True,' features a colorful and multiethnic educational playground that introduces historical characters in their own historically accurate milieu.
A new Cornell University study suggests that cohabitation is driven by economic factors rather than weak family values. Women who cohabit tend to earn more than single or married women, while men who cohabit have lower earning potential and less stable job histories.
Western towns' healthiest economies focus on environmental quality and tourism, rather than resource extraction. Thriving towns like Kremmling, Colo., have seen growing populations and revitalized economies due to their natural beauty and lower costs.
A new two-year study examines reproductive problems, early menopause, osteoporosis, and psychosocial issues in long-term breast cancer survivors. The study aims to develop a telephone-based counseling intervention to reduce physical and emotional consequences of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.
The grant will enable JSTOR to archive past issues of Science and PNAS, with plans to include additional journals from the Royal Society. This move aims to broaden library collections and facilitate easier scholarly research, supported by a complementary grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.
A new study analyzing hate crime data from New York City from 1987 to 1995 found no statistical link between economic fluctuations and rates of hate crimes. The researchers suggest two reasons for this lack of correlation: the decay of aggressive impulses over time, and the role of political leaders in framing economic grievances.
A new book by Bonham Richardson examines the economies, environments, and societies of Caribbean islands St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, and Barbados. The study reveals how working people influenced British decision makers to develop unique adaptations to economic and geophysical stresses.
A new book reviews the evolution of home economics, examining its influence on women's options and careers. The book brings together perspectives from historians, educators, and economists to provide a comprehensive understanding of home economics' development.
A study examining childbearing intentions in low-fertility societies like the US found that people value children beyond their economic benefits. Respondents ranked importance of social and economic priorities, with many considering children a vital source of social capital.
US unemployment remains below 6%, with record employment rates globally. North Carolina's economy is robust, with a seasonally adjusted annual rate of $165.65 billion in the third quarter of 1996, exceeding national growth. Despite a concerning education system, Smith recommends policy changes to enhance economic prospects.
The Soviet nuclear program was a complex web of innovation, espionage, and human risk. The recent Dubna conference and new research shed light on the program's history, highlighting key breakthroughs and competing efforts between the US and USSR.