Articles tagged with Grammar
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
A recent study analyzes the words 'a' and 'the' to understand language acquisition, revealing that experience is crucial for early-childhood language development. The study found that children rapidly generalize grammatical structures they hear, with a significant increase in linguistic productivity around age 2.
The epitranscriptome, a newly discovered regulatory layer of RNA, shows promise in understanding human diseases. Recent research reveals that RNA modifications play a crucial role in controlling its stability and function.
Researchers used a DNA tool to pinpoint the origin of Yiddish, suggesting it was invented by Iranian and Ashkenazic Jews as they traded on the Silk Road. The language is thought to have acquired new words from other cultures while retaining its Slavic grammar.
A University of Michigan study found that personality traits, such as being introverted or extroverted, affect how people interpret language in emails. Introverts are more likely to judge others harshly for grammatical errors, while extroverts tend to be more lenient.
Researchers found that Nheengatú speakers communicate time of day by pointing at the sun's position in the sky, similar to saying 'nine o'clock' in English. This practice shows that users of auditory languages can develop visual language like sign languages.
Researchers found a significant shift from using 'which' to 'that' in relative clauses, particularly among writers who also avoid the passive voice and end sentences with prepositions. This study demonstrates the importance of prescriptive grammar as a social force in shaping English language usage.
Researchers found support for Chomsky's decades-old theory that we possess an 'internal grammar' to comprehend nonsensical phrases. The study used magnetoencephalography and electrocorticography to isolate brain activity while subjects listened to linguistically manipulated sequences.
Researchers analyzed case systems in over 600 languages, finding that complex constructions tax the brain more than simple ones. The brain activity is stronger for simple cases, leading to simplifications and changes in grammatical structures.
A recent study from Vanderbilt University Medical Center found that a child's ability to distinguish musical rhythm is related to their capacity for understanding grammar. The study, led by Reyna Gordon, suggests that rhythm could be used as an indicator of grammar skills in children with language disorders.
A study by Professor Phaedra Royle and Postdoctoral fellow Alexandra Marquis found that children's ability to use verb tense in spoken language predicts their future writing difficulties. The research contradicts the popular belief that bilingualism at an early age is detrimental to oral and written language learning.
A new activity-recognition algorithm has been developed, enabling computers to efficiently search video for actions. The algorithm's execution time scales linearly with the size of the video file, and it can make good guesses about partially completed actions.
Researchers found that kinship inflections evolved as a means to avoid restricted personal names, providing a practical solution for person recognition. The study provides insight into language evolution by examining the use of linguistic structures in social interaction.
Researchers at University of Kansas found that listeners process words grammatically faster when speakers match their sex, affecting higher-level processes like grammar. Native Spanish speakers showed reduced accuracy when mismatched sex was present.
University of Oregon neuroscientists found that people's brains detect grammatical errors without conscious awareness, generating an early negative ERP response. Despite participants' lack of awareness, their brains processed the errors implicitly, suggesting a brain mechanism recognizing and reacting to them.
A new study from the University of Pennsylvania found that children as young as 2 understand basic grammar rules when they first learn to speak, contradicting a long-held debate. The research also applied statistical analysis to data from the famous Project Nim experiment and found that Nim Chimpsky never grasped such rules.
A new method called Jokestega uses automatic joke generation to hide secret messages in plain text documents, avoiding grammar disruptions. The technique takes advantage of recent software that can create pun-type jokes, allowing for efficient and humorous message concealment.
Researchers developed a grammar-aware password cracker that can bypass security with 10% of dataset cracked exclusively by the team's algorithm. The study highlights the importance of using different parts of speech in passwords, as pronouns are far fewer in number than other words.
A recent study by Hendrik De Smet investigates language change and finds that actualization processes involve small adjustments exploiting similarities between contexts. This process can lead to differences in language use over time, influencing grammatical structures.
The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and National Science Foundation (NSF) have awarded $4.5 million to support digital documentation of endangered languages. This funding will enable researchers to develop tools, create digital archives, and train the next generation of linguists.
Frequent texting in techspeak may hinder a tween's ability to switch between proper grammar and shortcuts. Research found that students who frequently used text adaptations performed poorly on grammar tests, regardless of their age or grade level.
Research at Georgetown University Medical Center found that adults learning a foreign language can come to use the same brain mechanisms as native speakers, particularly with immersion training. The brain consolidates knowledge of the foreign language over time, similar to other skills like riding a bike or playing a musical instrument.
A new study demonstrates that words which sound better to speakers of a language have a higher chance of being created, influencing language evolution over time. The research reveals the interconnectedness of linguistic rules and suggests that humans do not learn language in a simple, context-independent manner.
Researchers found that 2-year-olds can identify correct images with complex verb sentences, suggesting infants know more about language structure than they can articulate. This study reveals the beginnings of grammar acquisition start earlier than previously thought and demonstrate children use grammar to understand new words.
A recent study from the University of Rochester found that humans rely on several brain regions to process sentences, not a single advanced area. The researchers used American Sign Language to investigate how different grammatical structures activate distinct brain regions.
Researchers found striking relationships between language demographics and grammatical complexity. Languages with larger populations tend to have simpler pronoun and number systems. The study proposes the Linguistic Niche Hypothesis, where languages evolve within socio-demographic niches.
The MOLTO project aims to create a reliable multilingual translation tool using type theory, enabling easy extension and use by non-experts. The system will cover most EU languages, facilitating access to knowledge for all citizens.
Children with specific language impairment (SLI) have impaired grammar processing, but compensate by using neural circuitry associated with vocabulary and world knowledge. This finding offers new hope for sufferers of SLI and suggests a need for focussed and specialised help.
Researchers found that 13-month-old infants could attribute mental content and exhibit puzzlement when caterpillars didn't follow expected behavior in animations. This suggests the presence of mental structures for predicting others' behavior from a young age.
Researchers have studied the Biak language, revealing its complex grammar and structure. The study found that context plays a significant role in shaping the language, influencing word types, sentence structure, and even direction terminology.
Researchers found that starlings can classify acoustic sequences defined by recursive grammars, a feature thought to be exclusive to humans. The birds learned to distinguish between two sets of songs using abstract patterns and performed well above chance when tested with novel combinations.
Researchers found that starlings can learn to distinguish between two different patterns of organizing sounds used for communication, including recursive center-embedding. This ability challenges the long-held assumption that human language is uniquely complex and computational.
Max Planck researchers find that human language processing involves two distinct brain areas, with younger Broca's Area activated for complex grammatical rules and older frontal operculum for simple probability-based rules. The study reveals insights into the evolutionary origins of human language faculty.
Researchers found that deaf Nicaraguan boys developed complex grammatical components and used them in the same way as highly evolved languages. This suggests that the concept of 'subject' is an innate tendency in humans, existing before linguistic input or exposure to other language speakers.
A study found that grammatical thought processes significantly affect ambiguous pronoun resolution, with the grammatical aspect being more important than order-of-mention. The results suggest our brains infer meaning from parts of speech and think in grammatical terms, supporting the importance of learning grammar rules.
A new dictionary has been published to support the teaching of the Native American language Nuuchahnulth, with only two hundred people able to speak it. The language, spoken along the coast of Vancouver Island, has a complex sound structure and is considered one of the most morphologically complex languages.
The U.S. National Science Foundation and NEH have launched an effort to document dying languages worldwide using modern cyberinfrastructure tools. Over $40 million in funding supports various research projects, including language documentation, archival digitization, and fellowship awards.
A new model of sound change shows that evolutionary principles can account for striking phonetic similarities across unrelated languages, as well as the rarity of certain sounds. Human perception and articulation make certain kinds of sound change more frequent than others, resulting in emergent properties of language.
A new strand of research applies the principle of self-organization to linguistics, suggesting that languages follow a pattern of tendencies rather than universal grammar. The study involves computer simulations where computers develop a common vocabulary and recognize sounds, eventually creating homophones in context.
A Purdue University psychology professor's research reveals infants can comprehend words and grammar from a young age, defying the common notion of gradual learning. By analyzing infant responses to language experiments, Hollich's study shows that babies as young as 5 months old demonstrate surprising linguistic savvy.
The Trio language requires precision in translation to convey expectations and avoid misunderstandings. With a complex grammar system, Trio speakers must specify verb forms to indicate whether they witnessed or understood information.
Researchers propose optimality theory to explain how infants quickly learn complex languages. The idea suggests that a basic understanding of language is already present in the brain, requiring only fine-tuning mechanisms to acquire specific grammar rules.