Articles tagged with Fairness
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Support for economic redistribution is linked to compassion, self-interest and envy, according to a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The researchers found that individuals who feel more compassionate are more likely to support redistribution, while those with high levels of envy tend to oppose it.
The study reveals that participants in a corridor setup exhibited lower crowd density than in a semicircle setup. Psychological aspects, including social norms and fairness, are believed to play a role in shaping the behavior of crowds. The findings suggest that purely physical models are insufficient for understanding crowd dynamics.
A new study by Carnegie Mellon University researchers found that group tolerance is linked to perceptions of fairness and harm. People are more willing to coexist with others from different groups if they believe in universal moral values like fairness and harm.
A new study reveals that liberals and conservatives share similar moral roots, particularly concerning sanctity, making constructive discussion challenging. The findings suggest a stalemate in the culture war due to each side considering certain issues as sacrosanct or fair for revision.
A new study by Cornell University researchers reveals that moral values like compassion, fairness, and purity influence individuals' willingness to take climate change action. The findings suggest that both liberals and conservatives value these moral principles, with compassion and fairness being the strongest predictors of action.
A study led by Saarland University psychologists found that delivering bad news, such as layoffs, is not just about the message but also the manner in which it's conveyed. Employees are more likely to accept the decision if the manager has received training on fairness and process transparency.
Researchers found that award programs may crowd out intrinsic motivation in employees who are already performing well, leading to decreased motivation and productivity. The study suggests that firms should carefully consider the potential costs of implementing such programs.
A study published in the Journal of Experimental Child Psychology found that pre-school children prefer to share with a friend who already has an abundance of stickers than with a stranger. The results suggest that social relationships take precedence over fairness as a motivation for sharing behavior.
A new study from Harvard University found that children globally quickly reject unequal distributions of rewards, but in three countries (U.S., Canada, and Uganda), they also accept deals that favor themselves. This suggests that fairness behaviors may vary across cultures.
A global study found that children around the world recognize and respond to scenarios that put them at an unfair disadvantage, but differ in their responses to situations of unfair advantage. In most societies, children take steps to avoid being placed at a disadvantage by middle childhood.
Research by Herman Aguinis and Kyle Bradley suggests that performance follows a power law distribution, leading to more common star performers. The study recommends transparency, fairness in policies, structuring work, training development interventions, employment decisions, and compensation to effectively manage and produce star perf...
A major economy leading climate action could limit warming to 2°C, but countries must agree on fairness criteria. Effective emission reductions are possible if a leader doubles domestic targets, enabling other nations to follow and stay on track for the 2°C limit.
Scientists found that allocating greenhouse-gas emissions reductions will be key for the outcome of COP21 in Paris. A major economy acting as a forerunner and other nations following can limit warming below 2°C. This approach would require significant efforts from countries like the EU and US.
A new study found that black students and white students with minority teachers have more positive attitudes towards school discipline. Increasing diversity in teachers can enhance perceptions of fairness, supporting a recommendation for schools to hire teachers that match their enrollment demographic.
A new method for dealing with flight delays, proposed by MIT researchers, distributes delays among airlines more evenly while keeping system-wide delays virtually constant. The approach allows airlines to swap schedule slots with each other, resulting in a fairer distribution of delays.
According to a new study in the Journal of Marketing, companies whose brands are represented by or associated with human figures are often perceived as unfair when raising prices. This perception is attributed to human motives rather than market forces.
Research by UIC Business found that servant leaders create a culture of trust, caring, cooperation, fairness, and empathy, leading to improved teamwork, loyalty, and dedication. This approach helps employees reach their full potential, driving business effectiveness.
A new study reveals that experienced decision-makers care even more about fairness than the general population. The more experience they have, the more they seek equitable offers. This finding challenges existing theories on international politics and may help explain gridlock in climate change negotiations.
A new study by NYU researchers reveals that individuals tend to prioritize restoring what they've lost rather than punishing an offender. When directly affected, people show a strong preference for compensation, whereas as third-party observers, they become more punitive.
Researchers found that the brain's reward centre activates more for fair income distribution, regardless of individual contributions. The study challenges previous findings on inequality and fairness, providing new insights into human behavior.
A review article examines how humans and non-human species respond to unfairness, revealing that reactions are driven by cooperation and social reciprocity. The study suggests that fairness is not the primary motivator, but rather maintaining good relations through reward division.
Research suggests that humans' sense of fairness evolved to prioritize long-term cooperation, with a preference for equal outcomes and stable relationships. This evolution is rooted in our ability to think about the future and exercise self-control, allowing us to make sacrifices for the benefit of others.
A new study by Harvard University researchers found that children as young as six exhibit in-group favoritism when reacting to unfair behavior, but by eight years old, they are more likely to intervene regardless of group affiliation. The study suggests that fairness norms may be universal and not specific to Western culture.
A study by University of Missouri researchers found that small retailers are less concerned about being treated fairly by suppliers than other factors like cash flow and company survival. The research team surveyed businesses in 10 culturally diverse countries, revealing a significant variation in the importance placed on fairness.
A study found that 15-month-old babies value fairness unless they see a person of the same race receiving an unfair benefit. In such cases, babies are more tolerant of unfairness. The researchers also discovered that infants integrate information about race and social history when choosing a playmate.
A new study by Michigan State University found that fair bosses can be emotionally draining due to the need to monitor fairness in workplace decisions. This 'procedural justice' requires managers to suppress personal biases and maintain consistency, leading to mental fatigue.
A new study found that brain stimulation can directly influence compliance with social norms, particularly in the right lateral prefrontal cortex. Participants who received increased neural activity followed fairness norms more strongly under threat of sanctions, but showed decreased voluntary norm compliance without punishments.
A new study reveals that targeted messages based on political orientation can significantly influence consumers' recycling intentions. Consumers who identify as liberals respond better to appeals focused on fairness and reducing harm, while conservatives are more likely to recycle when appeals emphasize group membership or authority. T...
A new study reveals that diversity training programs can create an illusion of corporate fairness, leading people to believe work environments are equitable despite hiring, promotion, or salary inequities. The researchers recommend that companies examine their records to determine the effectiveness of diversity and mentoring programs.
A University of Missouri study found that conflicts over personal space and fairness are associated with higher anxiety and depression in adolescents. Parents can use household rules such as knocking before entering a sibling's room to resolve disputes and promote healthy psychological development.
Teens who fight with siblings over equality and fairness issues are more depressed a year later, while those who fight about personal space issues have lower self-esteem. Younger brothers with older brothers and girls with brothers experience more anxiety, leading to lower self-esteem.
Research published in PLOS ONE found that liberals and conservatives hold correct but exaggerated moral stereotypes about each other's views. The study suggests that liberals and conservatives are more similar in their moral judgments than previously thought.
Ernst Fehr, a leading economist from the University of Zurich, has been awarded the 2013 Gottlieb Duttweiler prize for his pioneering work on fairness preference and its impact on human behavior. His research has challenged traditional economic theories and shed light on the importance of social norms and cooperation.
A new study from the University of Haifa and the University of Texas found that Israel's perception of Barack Obama is influenced by his middle name, Hussein. Jewish Israelis and Arab Israelis perceive him as less pro-Israeli when his middle name is mentioned, while American participants show no effect.
A new study funded by the Wellcome Trust found that humans tend to reject unfair offers of water, even when severely thirsty. The researchers used an ultimatum game to test whether humans would accept an unequal offer of water, and found that they did so only if they subjectively felt a strong need for water.
A recent study by Queen Mary University of London found that chimpanzees and bonobos do not possess a sense of fairness like humans. In ultimatum games, the apes consistently chose to steal food without considering their partner's outcomes.
A University of Alberta researcher says that when it comes to deciding on issues from human rights to balancing conflicting rights, cooler, secular heads should prevail. The emergence of Western democratic states gave rise to a separation of church and state, which guarantees freedom of religion and conscience for all.
A University of Toronto study found that the type of relationship consumers form with brands influences their assessment of fairness. In exchange relationships, respectful treatment is more crucial in fair outcomes, while in communal relationships, it has less effect. Marketers must understand these dynamics to correct unfair outcomes.
A new study by Matthew Cain shows that despite biases, investment banks provide important information for the M&A advisory process. The study analyzes over 500 fairness opinion valuations and finds they can be useful for boards of directors in evaluating merger proposals.
Infants exhibit longer looking times when one giraffe gets both toys or the slacker gets a reward in both experiments, indicating an expectation of fairness. The study suggests that children are born with innate expectations about fairness, shaped by culture and environment.
A new study found that babies at 15 months old can distinguish between fair and unfair food distribution, with those showing a greater willingness to share displaying increased sensitivity to such violations. This suggests that early childhood is an essential period for nurturing human egalitarianism and cooperation.
A study found that children as young as three years old share toys equally with their peers only when they collaborated to gain the rewards. However, this behavior did not extend to individual or no-work conditions. In contrast, chimpanzees did not show a similar connection between sharing resources and collaborative efforts.
The study compares three popular ranking methods, finding that the Colley and Massey methods are insensitive to small changes, while the Markov method is highly sensitive, leading to anomalies in rankings. The authors conclude that these methods can be effective for other applications, such as social networks.
A Purdue University researcher has used econophysics to demonstrate that under ideal circumstances, free markets promote fairness in salaries for workers. The study's findings suggest that the collective self-organizing dynamics of a free market economy lead to fairness as an emergent property.
The Hastings Center Report examines the ethics of sports enhancement, including gene doping, sex typing, and biological passports. Athletes, ethicists, and former athletes share their perspectives on the pressures to cheat in elite sports.
A UBC-led research team explores the evolutionary underpinnings of human societies, contradicting previous theories on cooperation. The study found that small-scale societies with limited market integration and world religion adherence show less concern for fairness and punishment.
The Marmot Review advocates for proportionate universalism to address health inequalities, emphasizing fairness and social justice. By reducing health disparities, England could gain up to 2.5 million extra years of life, highlighting the importance of addressing socio-economic inequalities.
A new theory proposes a method to determine fair CEO compensation using information theory and statistical thermodynamics. The ratio of CEO pay to the lowest employee salary has increased significantly in recent years, with US CEOs averaging around 344-to-1, raising questions about market efficiency.
A study by Dr. Jon Bohlmann at NC State University finds that project managers who treat team members with honesty, kindness, and respect see significant increases in commitment to the team's success. Another study shows that socializing with suppliers can lead to cost and quality benefits from informal social interactions.
UCLA researchers found that people tend to accept fair offers over unfair ones, with the brain responding similarly to winning money or eating chocolate. The study suggests that humans have an innate preference for fairness, which can be regulated through self-control.
A study using the ultimatum game found that even when subjects stood to gain the same amount of money, they were happier with fair offers and more disdainful of lopsided deals. The brain's emotional response was linked to regions associated with reward and self-control.
The NHS must address issues of fairness, where doctors are scarce in areas with greatest need; responsiveness, including evening/Saturday opening of general practices; and safety, particularly concerning healthcare-associated infections. The organization also needs to improve effectiveness by adopting new techniques and approaches.
A new study by University of Minnesota researcher Tony Haitao Cui found that focusing on fairness between business partners yields higher payoffs for manufacturers and retailers in a marketing channel. By setting a consistent wholesale price throughout the channel, both firms can benefit from improved market prices.
A new review in Science discusses the convergence of evolutionary, neurological, and social-psychological insights on morality's origins. Haidt identifies three key principles: intuitive primacy, moral thinking for social doing, and morality binds and builds.
Research found that fairness judgments about fluctuating prices depend on time and price-setting involvement. Consumers perceive unfair prices when they're not involved in setting the price or experience rapid price changes.
A new study found that CEO overpayment has a higher cost than previously realized, cascading down to lower employee levels. The research also revealed that CEOs serve as a key referent for employees determining fair pay, leading to turnover effects.
A new study from the University of Chicago Press Journals reveals that consumers perceive price hikes differently for material goods and services. Consumers consider fair price increases when costs associated with production or provision increase, but not when service costs and vendor profits are linked.
Richard Horton argues that the GMC is not equipped to handle complex medical-law cases and advocates for a Royal Commission to improve judicial processes and strengthen child protection services. The causes of Sally Clark's sons' deaths remain unascertained, highlighting the need for a broader approach to learning from the Clark case.
Researchers found that brown capuchin monkeys refused previously acceptable rewards if they witnessed their partners receiving higher-value rewards for equal or less work. This study provides insight into how humans develop emotional reactions to fairness in economic interactions.
The survey shows strong support for indexing the retirement age to increases in life expectancy. However, actuaries opposed individual accounts and favored limiting investment choices if enacted. Most respondents disagreed with adjusting benefits based on retiree-to-worker ratio.