Articles tagged with Imprisonment
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers created a set of axioms for robust cooperative strategies, reducing computational hurdles. Players with these strategies and memories of length k cooperate if all players took the same actions for the last k rounds, giving rise to all-or-none strategies.
Research highlights the importance of understanding inmate relationships, particularly in non-marital partnerships, to prevent HIV-related sex risk. The study found that relationship satisfaction was a strong correlate of protection against non-monogamy and STI/HIV risk.
The US healthcare system is exacerbating growing health inequalities fueled by structural racism, mass incarceration, and the widening income gap. The richest 1% of Americans live 10-15 years longer than the poorest 1%, with low-income Americans being left further behind.
The Hastings Center Report explores how bioethics can address authoritarian populism and contribute to the rebuilding of civic foundations. A study on prisoners' participation in clinical research found unique influences that may leave them vulnerable to exploitation.
Research suggests that people with a history of incarceration are more likely to experience unstable housing or homelessness. A study of 1,200 vulnerably housed and homeless single adults found that only 34% were housed during the two-year study period.
A new study published in PLOS ONE found that people who spend time in jails and prisons are more likely to develop certain types of cancer than the general population in Ontario. The study also revealed that these individuals have a higher mortality rate from cancer, particularly for men.
Scientists seek to convert the notorious U.S. military prison at Guantanamo Bay into a leading marine research facility and peaceful sanctuary for threatened Cuban species. A 'green' Gitmo proposal, proposed by University of Vermont biologist Joe Roman, offers a potential solution to the long-standing impasse in U.S.-Cuba relations.
Research by Sam Houston State University found that Native Americans and Latinos were more likely to be denied access to good time benefits, while Asian offenders had better access. The study suggests that race-based stereotypes may influence judges' decisions on sentencing.
A new randomized controlled study published in The Permanente Journal found that Transcendental Meditation significantly reduces trauma symptoms in female prisoner inmates. Practicing the technique for four months showed a natural reduction in intrusive thoughts, hyperarousal, and overall trauma symptoms.
A new study found that 12% of offenders exhibited homicidal ideation, responsible for most severe crimes like murder and assault. Identifying these chronic offenders can help protect the public and inform policy implications for criminal justice and sentencing reform.
A new study highlights racial/ethnic disparities in achieving positive outcomes for delinquent youth after detention. Females and non-Hispanic white males tend to have better outcomes than their African-American and Hispanic counterparts.
A new study found that people with traumatic brain injury are approximately 2.5 times more likely to be incarcerated in a federal correctional facility in Canada than those without a history of TBI. The study, which included nearly 1.42 million adults aged 18-28, highlighted the association between TBI and incarceration rates.
Research at Ohio State University found that prisoners' written communication changes are linked to reduced reoffending rates in substance-abuse programs. The study analyzed tens of thousands of messages exchanged between participants and found that those who showed greater language change were less likely to return to prison.
A new model examines how drug policy and criminal justice practices contribute to racial disparities in HIV rates. The tool highlights the disproportionate impact of drug-related arrests and sentencing on African American communities, affecting social marginalization, health care access, and intimate relationships.
A randomized control trial tested the HOPE program against traditional PAU, finding no significant differences in re-arrest rates or time to re-arrest. The study suggests that strict supervision practices can be effective, but more work is needed to determine the model's effectiveness for specific types of probationers.
A new study published in Social Science & Medicine found that states can reduce their jail populations by spending more on public inpatient mental health care while maintaining community mental health care levels. The research suggests that investing $1 in inpatient mental health care saves $0.25 in jail expenditures.
Released prisoners in Sweden who received antipsychotics, psychostimulants, and addictive disorder medications had a 42%, 38%, and 52% lower rate of violent reoffending, respectively. Completion of psychological treatments also showed significant reductions.
The University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health recommends distributing naloxone to inmates upon release from jail and improving overdose data collection to combat the opioid epidemic. The policy focuses on vulnerable populations such as veterans, inmates, and school children.
A US study found that the country secretly detains citizens from democracies in 'black sites,' while openly holding those from non-democracies in known prisons. The researchers argue that this behavior is rooted in the 'Perceptual Theory of Legitimacy', which suggests good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people.
Prisoners show significant reductions in trauma symptoms, anxiety, depression, dissociation, and sleep disturbance after practicing Transcendental Meditation. The study found a 47% reduction in total trauma symptoms and improved physiological functioning, suggesting TM as an alternative treatment for posttraumatic stress.
Despite President Obama's criticism, a new study suggests that the vast majority of impoverished fathers are involved with their children, including those who have been incarcerated. The research reveals concrete examples of father involvement, such as writing letters and maintaining relationships through phone calls and visitations.
A new study found that prisons can drive down hepatitis C prevalence and help reach global WHO elimination goals by providing a unique environment for treatment and addressing risk behaviors. Introducing prevention programs in prisons and amongst individuals transitioning back to the community could significantly reduce infections.
A new study reports that two-thirds of older inmates experience at least one distressing health symptom, such as chronic disease or emotional suffering. The researchers suggest the need for comprehensive programs to assess, treat, and manage geriatric conditions to help older adults while incarcerated.
A new research project from Plymouth University aims to enhance social acceptance for prisoners through wider community engagement. The Photographic electronic Narrative (PeN) project will enable trainees to create a visual, self-reflexive narrative of their resettlement journey and engage the wider community in this process.
A new study found that immigrant parents detained in private facilities are nearly 60% less likely to receive visits from their children. The researchers analyzed survey data from 462 detainees with children, who were predominantly male and Hispanic, and had spent six months to over 4.5 years in detention.
A new study suggests that US prisons continue to grow even as crime rates decline, mainly due to the increasing number of repeat offenders. The average offender now has a more extensive criminal record than in the past, making it harder for judges to give alternative sentences.
A new study finds that inmates are using ramen noodles as a form of money due to declining prison food services, signaling a trend of punitive frugality. Inmates are trying to figure out ways to better feed themselves as services are being cut back, leading to the rise of underground economy practices.
Researchers from TU Wien, Aachen, and Manchester successfully created artificial atoms in graphene by confining electrons to small spaces. This innovation enables the preservation of arbitrary superpositions for a long time, ideal properties for quantum computers.
A new study suggests that the US prison population continues to rise despite a decline in crime rates, due to judges dealing with more repeat offenders with extensive criminal records. The average offender now has nearly twice as many prior felonies as they did in 1981.
Exposure to nature videos reduces aggressive behavior among inmates, with a 26% decrease in violent infractions. Inmates who viewed the videos also showed reduced negative emotions and behaviors.
Research suggests that prisoners are released without access to medications that control their illnesses, leading to a spike in viral loads and increased risk of transmission. Decreasing incarceration rates for people who inject drugs could reduce the burden of HIV among prisoners.
The Lancet report highlights how mass imprisonment of drug users is driving global epidemics of HIV, hepatitis, and tuberculosis. Scaling up opioid substitution therapy in prisons and after release could prevent over a quarter of new HIV infections among injecting drug users.
Research suggests that prolonged drug use can damage the brains of cocaine and methamphetamine users, leading to difficulty with moral decision making. The study found abnormal neural activity in the frontal lobes and limbic regions of their brains during moral processing.
A recent study found that adults released from provincial correctional facilities have a 9% overdose death rate in the first two days and 20% within the first week. The majority of these deaths involve opioids and can be prevented with education and access to naloxone, according to researchers.
A novel substance abuse treatment program, Community Wise, targets marginalized populations in impoverished neighborhoods with high retention rates and reduced substance use. The NIH-funded study aims to create an efficient and effective program with a targeted delivery cost of $250 per client.
A Princeton University study examines the impact of parent incarceration on a child's future and finds youth who experience household member imprisonment are 41% more likely to give birth before marriage. This risk is highest for fathers or extended family members, highlighting the need for interventions targeting vulnerable populations.
Research finds that former inmates empathize less with incarcerated family members due to 'empathetic inurement', a loss of emotional connection. This phenomenon affects African American men disproportionately, contradicting existing sociological theories.
A recent study found that large reductions in the prison population do not compromise public safety, as demonstrated by California's Realignment Act. By shifting responsibility for certain groups of offenders to local jurisdictions, realignment reduced the total prison population by 27,527 inmates and saved $453 million.
Research associates BPD with higher rates of STI/HIV transmission and multiple partnerships, particularly fear of abandonment and impulsivity symptoms. The study highlights the need for proper assessment and diagnosis of BPD to develop targeted interventions for this population.
A study of 257 female inmates in Rhode Island found that 68 had engaged in sex exchange, which was associated with higher risks of physical abuse, injection drug use, and multiple STIs. Assessing a lifetime history of sex exchange could help identify women at risk for these problems.
A new Canadian study finds that people recently released from correctional facilities have a risk of dying from a drug overdose 56 times greater than the general population. The life expectancy of this group is also significantly shorter, by 10.6 years for women and 4.2 years for men.
A new study by Kathleen Brewer-Smyth of the University of Delaware's College of Health Sciences found that female inmates with an incarcerated adult family member during childhood were more than twice as likely to have neurological abnormalities as adults. The implications are significant internationally, particularly in light of a Wor...
NYU scholars presented research on diversity, inequality, and technology in education at the American Education Research Association (AERA) 2016 meeting. Preliminary findings indicate that 60% of public research universities have differential tuition, while nearly 30% of private research universities do. The studies also examine the im...
A new study reveals that minority groups, particularly blacks and Hispanics, experienced significant declines in homicide victimization rates from 1990-2010. The drops were more pronounced for these groups than for whites, with black-white and Hispanic-black gaps narrowing by 40% and 55%, respectively.
A new report by the Equality and Human Rights Commission reveals hundreds of non-natural deaths in detention, with a lack of specialist mental health services and oversight contributing to the problem. The report calls for improvements in police custody, prisons, and psychiatric hospitals to address these concerns.
A new study finds that despite having higher levels of wealth, African Americans are still more likely to be incarcerated than whites and Hispanics. The study also shows that as the wealth of black women grows, their chances of being incarcerated decline.
Researchers analyzed over 17,000 South Carolina court decisions to find that black offenders are more likely to be jailed and serve longer sentences than their white counterparts. The study highlights racial bias in sentencing decisions, with the 'black penalty' varying depending on an offender's criminal history.
A computer model suggests that cutting incarceration can decrease the number of sexual partners men and women have, thus reducing the spread of sexually transmitted infections. The study also found that harsher penalties may exacerbate this effect, highlighting the need for more open criminal justice systems.
Men who experienced a family member's incarceration during childhood are approximately twice as likely to have a heart attack in later adulthood compared to those without such exposure. The study also found no association between childhood family member incarceration and heart attacks in women.
A study funded by the National Science Foundation investigates whether prison visitation can reduce recidivism rates and examines gender, racial, and ethnic differences in these patterns. The research aims to provide policy recommendations for improving prison visitation practices.
A new study by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health researchers found that over 112,000 people exiting prison or jail got health care coverage through Medicaid in a single year. The programs that helped with enrollment primarily targeted low-income men, and the number of new enrollees likely far exceeds this total.
A new University of Washington-based initiative researches how multiple states implement court-imposed fines and fees, with findings highlighting the disproportionate impact on poor people. The study reveals an arbitrary system of enforcement and collection that perpetuates poverty and marginalization.
Researchers found that mental health courts significantly reduced repeat offending, particularly among offenders with co-occurring mental health and substance use problems. Offenders who completed treatment programs in MHCs spent 76% less time in jail for repeat offenses compared to those in traditional courts.
A Sam Houston State University study found that children of incarcerated mothers are more likely to experience attachment disruptions, separation anxiety, and depression. The study also showed a significant link between maternal incarceration and adult offspring's involvement in the criminal justice system.
The American College of Physicians recommends prescribing generic medications whenever possible to reduce costs and improve adherence to therapy. Generic medications are as effective as their branded counterparts, but underuse is a significant issue due to misconceptions about safety and efficacy.
A computer simulation model projected that universal HCV testing and treatment in prisons could reduce HCV transmission in the general community, prevent liver-related deaths and cancer, and become highly cost-effective over 30 years. This would benefit not only the prison population but also society as a whole.
A new study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine found that youth offenders face a significantly higher risk of early death as they become more involved in the judicial system. The study analyzed 518 youth offender deaths and found that mortality rates rose with increasing levels of interaction with the justice system.
A Washington State University study found that a yoga program for incarcerated fathers improved their parenting skills, physical health, and mental well-being. The program, called Fit Fathers, Successful Families, Inside and Out, also aimed to prevent child abuse and reduce recidivism by enhancing parents' resilience.
A survey of 440 female inmates and 133 prison staff found specific needs, including low self-esteem, lack of education, and past abuse. FEFI project recommendations focus on holistic reintegration through education and training programs.
The Cornell Prison Education Program will expand to provide classes and degree programs in four regional prisons, establishing a model college-in-prison network. With a $1 million grant from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the program aims to create a constructive pathway for incarcerated students.