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Science News for August 30, 2018


Mapping trees can help count endangered lemurs

A study led by Duke University estimates total population sizes and geographic ranges for 19 lemur species across Madagascar using trees as a proxy. The findings suggest that not all lemurs are endangered, with some species having healthy populations remaining, while others face significant declines due to habitat loss and hunting.

SourceDuke University·JournalJournal of Biogeography·DateAug 30, 2018

How damaging immune cells develop during tuberculosis

Researchers found that immune cells in lung tissue accumulate triglycerides, a type of fat, rather than cholesterol, and form through distinct mechanisms depending on the disease. This discovery may lead to new biomarkers and therapeutic strategies against tuberculosis.

SourcePLOS·JournalPLOS Pathogens·DateAug 30, 2018

Deadline for climate action

A new study sets a deadline of 2035 for governments to take decisive climate action to limit global warming below 2°C. The research found that even with strong renewable energy growth, humanity will likely cross the point of no return unless drastic emissions reductions are made immediately.

SourceEuropean Geosciences Union·JournalEarth System Dynamics·DateAug 30, 2018

A master switch controls aggressive breast cancer

A team at the Salk Institute has identified a genetic master switch, Sox10, that controls the growth and invasion of aggressive triple-negative breast cancers. This discovery may lead to new avenues for diagnosing and treating intractable cancers by targeting specific genes.

SourceSalk Institute·JournalCancer Cell·DateAug 30, 2018

An international team led by the CNIO reveals that human genome could contain up to 20 percent fewer genes

A new international collaboration led by the CNIO reveals that up to 20% of human genes may not be coding genes, but rather non-coding or pseudogenes, which could have significant effects on biomedicine. The study analyzed gene catalogs and found that many genes were more likely to be non-coding than previously thought.

Otago-led research set to make smartphones even smarter

Researchers at the University of Otago have developed a new approach to achieve centimeter-level precise positioning on smartphones using a combination of signals from four different GNSSs. This technology has the potential to revolutionize applications requiring accurate location information, such as precise car navigation and surveying.

SourceUniversity of Otago·JournalJournal of Geodesy·DateAug 30, 2018

A FEW good collaborators

A multinational team led by Lehigh University's Y.C. 'Ethan' Yang develops a comprehensive model to manage the complex interplay between food, energy, and water resources. The project aims to provide a flexible framework to address supply challenges and maintain security for farmers, utilities, and households.

Global warming: More insects, eating more crops

Rising global temperatures will lead to increased pest pressure and crop losses, especially in temperate regions, with wheat, rice, and maize facing substantial declines. Crop losses are projected to rise by 10-25% per degree of warming, with the most severe impacts expected in countries like France and China.

SourceUniversity of Vermont·JournalScience·DateAug 30, 2018

The Lancet: Armed conflicts may have contributed to 5 million under-5 deaths in Africa over 20 years, study suggests

A recent study published in The Lancet found that armed conflicts across Africa may have resulted in the deaths of as many as 5 million children aged under 5 years between 1995 and 2015. Conflict increased mortality risk for infants and children, particularly those born near conflict zones or exposed to higher-intensity conflicts.

SourceThe Lancet·JournalThe Lancet·DateAug 30, 2018

Heritability explains fast-learning chicks

A new study on red junglefowl has found that the ability to learn quickly is heritable, while optimism can be explained by environmental factors. The researchers tested over 300 chicks with various cognitive tasks and found that genetic factors play a larger role in fast-learning abilities.

SourceLinköping University·JournalPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (B )·DateAug 30, 2018

Simple test detects disease-carrying mosquitoes, presence of biopesticide

A new diagnostic tool has been developed to identify the species of mosquitoes that carry diseases such as Zika virus and dengue. The tool uses a smartphone camera and detects the presence of biopesticide Wolbachia, which helps curb disease transmission. With high accuracy of over 97%, this innovative technology represents a significan...

SourceUniversity of Texas at Austin·JournalPLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases·DateAug 30, 2018

Obstructive sleep apnea linked with higher risk of gout

A study published in Arthritis & Rheumatology found that people with obstructive sleep apnea have a higher risk of developing gout. The risk was highest one to two years after diagnosis and was seen in patients with normal body mass index, regardless of weight status.

SourceWiley·JournalArthritis & Rheumatology·DateAug 30, 2018

Pushing big data to rapidly advance patient care

The article highlights the need for harnessing technology to analyze healthcare data and generate new evidence, which can be combined with published reviews to improve health outcomes. Michigan Medicine's Knowledge Grid platform is taking the lead in transforming biomedical knowledge into computable forms that can inform medical practice.

SourceMichigan Medicine - University of Michigan·JournalJournal of General Internal Medicine·DateAug 30, 2018

Study illustrates challenges of lowering tetanus mortality

Researchers found that implementing a standard tetanus protocol in an ICU in Tanzania did not significantly reduce mortality rates, but shifted causes of deaths to airway compromise and sepsis. The study emphasizes the need for increased vaccination coverage to eliminate this preventable disease.

SourcePLOS·JournalPLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases·DateAug 30, 2018

Insulin gives an extra boost to the immune system

Researchers at Toronto General Hospital have identified a specific insulin signaling pathway that revs up the response of T cells in the immune system, enabling them to divide rapidly and secrete cytokines. This finding opens avenues for better regulating the immune system and potentially developing new therapies.

SourceUniversity Health Network·JournalCell Metabolism·DateAug 30, 2018

Now we can see brain cells 'talk' -- and that will shed light on neurological diseases

Scientists have developed a way to visualize brain cells communicating through neurotransmitters, providing insight into conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and depression. The new lab technique enables the study of poorly understood neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, which affects memory, mood, and emotional regulation.

SourceUniversity of Virginia Health System·JournalNature Biotechnology·DateAug 30, 2018

New method for hydroboration of alkynes: Radicals induce unusual selectivity

Researchers at Kanazawa University developed a novel method for hydroboration of alkynes utilizing radical chemistry, resulting in the creation of previously inaccessible trans-hydroboration products. This breakthrough enables the synthesis of various bench-stable alkenyl borane compounds that can be converted into drug candidates.

SourceKanazawa University·JournalAngewandte Chemie International Edition·DateAug 30, 2018

Psycholinguists build eye-tracking database on reading in Russian

Researchers have created a comprehensive eye-tracking database for reading in Russian, providing insights into how native speakers process texts. The study sheds light on the characteristics of individual languages and has significant implications for diagnosing and correcting speech disorders, as well as determining language proficiency.

SourceNational Research University Higher School of Economics·JournalBehavior Research Methods·DateAug 30, 2018

'Blink' and you won't miss amyloids

Researchers at Washington University in St. Louis create 'blink' method to image amyloids, allowing for non-invasive visualization of these problematic proteins. The technique uses temporary fluorescence, causing amyloids to flash and enabling researchers to better understand their structure and behavior.

SourceWashington University in St. Louis·JournalChemBioChem·DateAug 30, 2018

Device harvests energy from low-frequency vibrations

Researchers at Penn State have developed a wearable device that harnesses energy from the swing of an arm while walking or jogging, producing enough power to run a personal health monitoring system. The device is more efficient than standard electromagnetic harvesters and can sustain high strains without cracking.

SourcePenn State·JournalAdvanced Functional Materials·DateAug 30, 2018

Presence of new or worsened bedsores tied to poorer outcomes in inpatient rehab facilities

A new study from the University at Buffalo found that the presence of new or worsened bedsores is associated with lower quality outcomes for rehabilitation patients, including decreased functional independence and longer hospital stays. The study used data from nearly 500,000 Medicare patients discharged between 2013 and 2014.

SourceUniversity at Buffalo·JournalArchives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation·DateAug 30, 2018

DNA accessibility, gene expression jointly profiled in thousands of cells

Researchers have developed an assay that concurrently profiles the epigenome and transcriptome of each cell type, revealing how different cells interpret their genetic code. The study provides insights into the relationship between epigenome and transcriptome, as well as the regulation of gene expression across various cell types.

Presynapses come in a packet

Researchers discovered that vesicle and scaffold proteins arrive at nascent synapses as preformed functional units, enabling instantaneous neurotransmitter release. The findings may aid in designing better nerve-regenerating therapies and accelerating synapse formation after injuries.

SourceForschungsverbund Berlin·JournalNeuron·DateAug 30, 2018

Stigmatizing views and myths about psoriasis are pervasive in the United States

A new study reveals pervasive stigmatizing views and myths about psoriasis in the United States, affecting daily life and relationships. The research found that 54% of respondents did not want to date someone with psoriasis, highlighting the need for education and awareness to dispel these negative perceptions.

SourceUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine·JournalJournal of the American Academy of Dermatology·DateAug 30, 2018

Mechanism of Marburg virus sexual transmission identified in nonhuman primates

Research has shed light on the mechanism of sexual transmission of Marburg virus, identifying persistent infection in seminiferous tubules and specialized cells called Sertoli cells. The study suggests that targeting immunosuppressive regulatory T cells may help clear Marburg virus from the testes, preventing sexual transmission.

Scientists decode opium poppy genome

Researchers have determined the DNA code of the opium poppy genome, unlocking key steps in how the plant evolved to produce vital medicines. The discovery may lead to improved yields and disease resistance, securing a reliable supply of effective pain relief medications.

SourceUniversity of York·JournalScience·DateAug 30, 2018

Research finds gender-diverse boards are greener

A study by the University of Adelaide found that companies with a balanced mix of men and women on their boards experience significantly fewer environmental lawsuits. This suggests that female directors contribute to reducing corporate environmental litigation, with a saving of up to $3.1 million per lawsuit.

SourceUniversity of Adelaide·JournalJournal of Corporate Finance·DateAug 30, 2018

In test with rats, cannabidiol showed sustained effects against depression for 7 days

Researchers found that a single dose of cannabidiol eliminated symptoms of depression in rats and maintained benefits for up to seven days. The study's findings suggest that cannabidiol rapidly triggers neuroplastic mechanisms to repair damaged neuronal circuitry, providing new hope for treating broad-spectrum depression.

Researchers discover a novel role of protein in important pathways that lead to cancer malignancy

Researchers have discovered a specific protein, FABP5, that promotes processes associated with cancer aggressiveness, including cell growth, invasiveness, survival, and inflammation. Understanding the molecular pathways of this protein could lead to finding more effective therapeutic targets for prostate and breast cancers.

SourceShinshu University·JournalBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids·DateAug 30, 2018