How much fluorine is too much fluorine?
High fluorine levels in New Zealand soils are toxic to Rhizobia bacteria, which fix atmospheric nitrogen for legume plants. However, the study found no impact on the crops or livestock in question.
Science News for July 15, 2020
UTA researching how to meet demands in markets that include alternative energy sources
UTA researchers are working on developing machine-learning models to predict real-time energy demand and manage smart grid systems. The goal is to create a dynamic decision analytics and optimization framework that enables a highly efficient, real-time energy management system.
Reprogramming of immune cells enhances effects of radiotherapy in preclinical models of brain cancer
A study found that radiotherapy alters the behavior of immune cells, and reprogramming them with an existing drug can enhance its effects in brain cancer. The researchers demonstrated that combining radiotherapy with daily dosing of a CSF-1R inhibitor extended survival in mouse models of glioblastoma.
Setting up an alarm system in the Atlantic Ocean
Scientists are working on establishing an early warning system for sudden changes in the Atlantic Ocean's sea currents. These changes can impact global temperatures and climate patterns. By monitoring temperature and density metrics, researchers aim to detect subtle shifts before they become catastrophic.
UBCO researchers create liquid-repelling substance that works on all surfaces
A new coating developed by UBCO researchers can repel nearly all substances off a surface, making cleaning personal protective equipment easier. The two-layer coating maintains its resistance qualities under harsh exposures and can be easily repaired.
SourceUniversity of British Columbia Okanagan campus·JournalACS Applied Materials & Interfaces·DateJul 15, 2020
Study: Single drop of blood could help rapidly detect radiation sickness
A new testing method has shown promise in rapidly identifying radiation sickness based on biomarkers measured through a single drop of blood. The test uses microRNAs to quantify the actual radiation dose absorbed, allowing for early and real-time identification of the condition to enable timely clinical interventions.
SourceOhio State University Wexner Medical Center·JournalScience Translational Medicine·DateJul 15, 2020
UCalgary research study finds MRI effective in predicting major cardiac events
A UCalgary research study found that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect risk of heart failure and death in those with dilated cardiomyopathy. The study confirms about 40% of patients with DCM have scarring patterns on their heart muscle, associated with higher risk of future cardiac events.
A nanomaterial path forward for COVID-19 vaccine development
Researchers at UC San Diego highlight nanotechnology's role in COVID-19 vaccine development, including peptide-based vaccines and molecular farming. The first candidates in clinical trials utilize novel nanotechnologies.
Experts strongly recommend varenicline over the patch for adult smokers hoping to quit
The American Thoracic Society's new guideline recommends varenicline as the optimal controller medication for clinicians to use initially in treating tobacco dependence. Introducing varenicline before a patient expresses willingness to quit results in an additional 308 patients achieving abstinence.
SourceAmerican Thoracic Society·JournalAmerican Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine·DateJul 15, 2020
Biomedical instrument based on microvesicles
Researchers have developed a technology to obtain microvesicles from human stem cells, showing significant biological activity and therapeutic potential. The induced microvesicles can reduce the intensity of immune response and may be used to treat inflammations and autoimmune syndromes.
Study first to show tiger sharks' travels and desired hangouts in the Gulf of Mexico
A new study documents tiger sharks' movements and core habitats in the Gulf of Mexico, providing valuable insights into their behavior and vulnerability to environmental change. Researchers tracked 56 tiger sharks with satellite tags, revealing sex- and size-specific differences in distribution and movement rates.
National funds advance helping hands kitchen garden at the UT Gardens, Knoxville
The U.S. Botanic Garden and American Public Gardens Association have awarded $378,000 to 28 public gardens in the US, including the Helping Hands Kitchen Garden at the University of Tennessee Gardens, Knoxville. The funds will help sustain urban agriculture programs and increase produce donations to local food banks.
Higher-order topology found in 2D crystal
Researchers have discovered a new higher-order topological insulator, WTe2, which exhibits metallic hinge states and is promising for spintronics. The team used Josephson junctions to visualize the supercurrent flow and found evidence of hinge states on the sides of the material.
Credit-card sized tool provides new insights into how cancer cells invade host tissues
Researchers developed a microfluidic device to study breast cancer cells' invasion process, identifying 244 different genes that enable invasive cells. The tool mimics human tissue environments, offering new avenues for biomarkers and targeted therapies.
SourceUniversity of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering·JournalScience Advances·DateJul 15, 2020
Novel test method detects coronavirus in highly diluted gargle samples
Researchers at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg have developed a novel mass spectrometry-based test that can detect small amounts of SARS-CoV-2 in highly diluted gargle samples. The test is highly specific for the virus and can be used in early stages of the disease when many viruses are present.
SourceMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg·JournalJournal of Proteome Research·DateJul 15, 2020
Urban bees: pollinator diversity and plant interactions in city green spaces
A study found that urban community gardens can be a rich habitat for diverse pollinators, with higher pollination rates compared to other park types. Community gardens showed similar levels of visitation as rural sites, while recreational parks had lower visitation rates.
Simple twist of DNA determines fate of placenta
A DNA twist separates double helix into a single strand, regulating placental growth and development. The sixth base of DNA, N6-methyladenine, stabilizes this structure, controlling cell fate.
Blueprint of oxytocin receptor facilitates development of new autism drugs
Researchers have determined the detailed three-dimensional structure of the oxytocin receptor, paving the way for the development of new drugs. The discovery also reveals previously unknown interaction regions with cholesterol and magnesium, improving understanding of the receptor mechanism.
Using the past to predict the future: The case of Typhoon Hagibis
Researchers used 2018 Japan floods to calibrate a machine learning model to predict Typhoon Hagibis' flooding impact. The model accurately identified inundated areas, verifying AI's potential for learning from past disasters.
How breast cancer cells sneak past local immune defenses
Researchers at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory discovered how breast cancer cells evade the immune system by targeting cross-presenting dendritic cells. The key to this evasion lies in the CCR2 protein, which disrupts dendritic cell maturation when present on tumor cells.
New mutations accumulate in reproductive cells of older mice
Researchers have discovered that older mice have a higher number of new mutations in their mitochondrial genomes than younger mice. This finding could have significant implications for understanding human reproductive health and the causes of genetic diseases.
New NMR method enables monitoring of chemical reactions in metal containers
Researchers at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz developed a new zero-to-ultralow-field NMR spectroscopy method to analyze chemical reactions in metal containers. This technique overcomes the limitations of high-field NMR, allowing for the observation of complex reactions and catalysis mechanisms.
SourceJohannes Gutenberg Universitaet Mainz·JournalAngewandte Chemie International Edition·DateJul 15, 2020
A rapid finger-stick blood test quickly estimates radiation exposure in mice
A new finger-stick test can estimate radiation exposure in mice with high accuracy, using microRNA biomarkers. The test distinguishes between various doses of radiation, including those requiring triage, and could improve acute radiation syndrome diagnosis and treatment.
SourceAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)·JournalScience Translational Medicine·DateJul 15, 2020
Earlier lockdown restrictions linked to greater reduction in new COVID-19 cases
A study published by The BMJ found that implementing physical distancing measures, such as closing schools and workplaces, was associated with a 13% reduction in COVID-19 incidence. Earlier lockdown restrictions were also linked to a greater reduction in new cases.
New antiplatelet drug shows promise for treating heart attack
Researchers developed a peptide-derived nanoparticle that prevents blood clots without causing an increased risk of bleeding. The new drug showed promising results in animal models, reducing damage to the heart and improving survival rates.
Identifying sources of deadly air pollution in the United States
A new University of Minnesota study identifies livestock, wood stoves, farms, and residential buildings as significant contributors to deadly air pollution in the United States. The research highlights the need for targeted regulations to reduce emissions from these sources, which account for a substantial portion of PM2.5-related deaths.
Early dialysis in the critically ill does not improve outcomes
A major multinational trial found that fast-tracking dialysis for critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury did not improve outcomes. The study included over 3,000 patients in 168 hospitals across 15 countries and suggested a more conservative approach to treatment may be warranted.
Midlife thinking skills may suffer from high blood pressure, diabetes and smoking
A new study published in Neurology found that midlife thinking skills may suffer from high blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking. Five percent of participants experienced accelerated cognitive decline over five years, while those with high blood pressure had a 7.5% faster decline rate compared to non-hypertensive individuals.
How galaxies die: New insights into the quenching of star formation
Researchers propose a simple model explaining galaxy quenching, attributing it to central black hole 'feedback' that disrupts gas supply. The model reveals that larger galaxies evolve further before their black holes can grow large enough to quench star formation.
Making balanced decisions
Research on Drosophila melanogaster reveals that dopaminergic neurons respond to both internal behavioral states and external signals, enabling flexible and individualized decision-making. The study provides insights into how dopamine contributes to neural circuit functionality and behavior.
University of Toronto scientists uncover key process in the manufacture of ribosomes and proteins
Researchers found that RNA polymerase II enables ribosomal RNA gene expression, a key step in creating molecular complexes that produce proteins in all cells. The enzyme generates R-loops to shield these genes from disruptors produced by Pol I.
Tech to help autonomous vehicles better scan for nearby fast-moving objects
The team's innovation uses acoustic waves to enable faster tuning of components, resulting in higher-resolution lidar detection. The technology integrates microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) transducers made of aluminum nitride to modulate the microcomb at high frequencies.
BIO Integration (BIOI) Virtual Conference Series July 2020
The BIO Integration Virtual Conference Series July 2020 examines the intersection of nanomedicine, biology, and technology. Key topics include the integration of naturally occurring bioactive compounds into nanomedicine and nanoparticles meditated LncRNA silencing for effective cancer radiotherapy.
NUS researchers gives robots intelligent sensing abilities to carry out complex tasks
The NUS team created a sensory integrated artificial brain system that mimics biological neural networks, combining artificial skin and vision sensors to enable accurate conclusions about objects in real-time. The system achieved over 92% accuracy in classifying Braille letters and outperformed traditional systems in grasping tasks.
New Mygatt-Moore quarry research leads to prehistoric climate finds
Researchers analyzed over 2,300 fossil bones and found over 400 marks left by insects and snails, shedding light on paleo diversity and climate of the Jurassic period. The high number of insect traces suggests that dinosaur carcasses remained unburied for an extended period, providing valuable insights into prehistoric stench.
New study ranks performance of currently available COVID-19 antibody tests
A new study by NSF International and Novateur Ventures found significant variability in the accuracy of available COVID-19 antibody tests. The study identified 13 top-performing tests with high sensitivity and specificity, emphasizing the need for ongoing independent evaluations of commercialized tests.
Researcher gets $2.94 million federal grant to study unique features of Ebola and marburg viruses
Dr. Christopher Basler's five-year grant aims to understand how Ebola and Marburg viruses evade immune responses, leading to new treatment approaches. The study will focus on filovirus-host interactions related to gene expression and translation.
In one hour, surface coating inactivates virus that causes COVID-19
A surface coating developed by Virginia Tech professor William Ducker has been shown to inactivate SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, by 99.9% in one hour when applied to glass or stainless steel surfaces.
Two studies suggest strategies to help students at community colleges and broad access institutions
Research suggests that brief reading and writing exercises can alleviate concerns about sense of belonging, leading to increased continuous enrollment among socially disadvantaged students at broad-access institutions. These interventions may also help build up the resources and skills needed for college success.
SourceAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)·JournalScience Advances·DateJul 15, 2020
FSU news: Scientists discover heavy element chemistry can change at high pressures
Researchers have found that curium's outer electrons can be altered by shortening the distance between it and surrounding lighter atoms under high pressure. This discovery has potential applications in controlling chemical separation used in nuclear recycling and designing resilient materials for long-term storage of radioactive elements.
Move over, Siri! USC researchers develop improv-based Chatbot
USC researchers created SpolinBot, an improv agent programmed with yes-and research collection data to build a witty and engaging chatbot. The chatbot can refine its responses to take users on a safe or funny journey, generating multiple response options to continue the conversation.
Study reveals long-term impact of rugby injuries
A recent study by Durham University found that rugby players continue to suffer from injuries after retirement, with back pain and joint pain being common complaints. The study also revealed that concussion is the most common injury among rugby players, with a significant association with long-term impact.
Pandemic disproportionately affects scientists with young children
A new survey by Northwestern University finds that the pandemic has had a disproportionate impact on scientists with young children, leading to reduced work hours and potential career consequences. The study reveals broad discrepancies in the pandemic's impact on scientists, particularly women and those in laboratory sciences.
Scientists discover way to stop spread of devastating childhood cancer
Researchers identify key genes driving bone cancer spread to lungs and develop a gene therapy approach that stops the spread in mice. The breakthrough could lead to 'kinder' treatments for children with bone cancer, saving lives.
Multidisciplinary approach more effective for gut disorders: study
Researchers found patients in multidisciplinary clinics experienced greater symptom relief and improved wellbeing compared to standard care. Multidisciplinary clinics showed a 84% improvement rate, while standard care had a 57% improvement rate.
Poor work-life balance may have negative health effects
A study published in BMC Public Health found that poor work-life balance is associated with poor general health, particularly among women. The researchers analyzed data from 32,275 working adults across 30 countries and found that workers who reported poor work-life balance were twice as likely to report poor health.
Shaking light with sound
Scientists combine piezoelectric aluminium nitride with ultralow-loss silicon nitride integrated photonics to create a hybrid circuit for on-chip acousto-optic modulation. The technology enables wideband actuation with ultralow electrical power, opening up new possibilities for precision-demanding applications.
Genetic editing milestone in mouse model of Rett Syndrome
Researchers used RNA editing to correct a genetic error causing Rett Syndrome, repairing half of the normal protein in three types of neurons. The approach shows promise for treating the disorder, which affects 350,000 individuals worldwide.
UK study will evaluate the pressure of COVID on working-class women
A new UK study examines how COVID-19 affects working-class women's workload, exploring the additional pressures at work and home. The research aims to identify policy solutions to protect these women from financial hardship and health risks.
HIV alone not a risk factor for cavities in children
A Rutgers researcher has found that a weakened immune system, rather than HIV itself, contributes to the prevalence of dental cavities in children. The study, published in Scientific Reports, sampled nearly 300 children and found that those with normal immunity levels had lower cavity rates, regardless of HIV status
Polycatenanes in mesoscale
A Japanese research group led by Professor Shiki Yagai has successfully created polycatenanes, self-assembled molecule rings that can be observed under a microscope. By using atomic force microscopy, they confirmed the structure of poly[22]catenane made up of as many as 22 connected rings, reaching up to 500 nm in length.
New cobalt-free lithium-ion battery reduces costs without sacrificing performance
Researchers from the University of Texas at Austin have developed a cobalt-free high-energy lithium-ion battery with improved energy density and reduced cycle life. The new cathode is anchored by 89% nickel, manganese, and aluminum, increasing energy storage and potentially boosting electric vehicle range.
Scientists predict dramatic increase in flooding, drought in California
Scientists predict a 54% increase in rainfall variability in California by the end of this century due to climate change. The study found that extreme weather patterns will become more frequent and intense, with significant impacts on agriculture, flood control, and water management.
Study identifies patient-&hospital-level risk factors for death in critically ill COVID-19 patients
A nationwide study of over 2,000 adults with COVID-19 found that 35% died within 28 days of ICU admission. Factors independently associated with death included older age, male sex, and hospital bed capacity.
Two new species of parasite discovered in crabs -- discovery will help prevent infection of other marine species
Two new species of parasite have been discovered in crabs, which could potentially harm commercially important crustaceans. The researchers' findings suggest that the shore crab's habitat may influence the presence and prevalence of pathogens.
Low-cost catalyst helps turn seawater into fuel at scale
A new catalyst has been developed that efficiently and reliably converts carbon dioxide from seawater into carbon monoxide, a critical step in producing liquid hydrocarbons. This breakthrough could enable Navy ships to produce fuel directly from seawater, eliminating the need for periodic refueling.
Research raises concerns about firearm access for people with dementia
Research reveals that many caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (ADRD) lack guidance on firearm safety, despite high rates of accidental shootings. The study emphasizes the need for healthcare providers to address firearm safety in the context of ADRD, providing routine counseling and access to resources.
How flies flip around on take-off from an upside- down position
Researchers discovered that flies turn their bodies before flipping their heads during take-off from an upside-down position. The insect achieves this rapid reorientation within six wing beats at speeds of up to 30 revolutions per second.
Boosting immune memory could reduce cancer recurrence
Researchers discovered that a protein called Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) suppresses immune responses to cancer. Blocking NRP1 improves the immune system's ability to remember tumors, leading to better protection against recurrence and improved response to immunotherapy.
Running on empty: New affordable catalyst relies on nitrogen vacancies to produce ammonia
Researchers at Tokyo Institute of Technology have developed a new strategy for producing ammonia using lanthanum and nickel as catalysts. The new catalyst relies on nitrogen vacancies to split N2 molecules into H2, which is then converted into NH3.
Newly discovered cells act as a warning signal for rheumatoid arthritis flares
Researchers at Rockefeller University have identified a new type of cell, known as PRIME cells, whose presence in the bloodstream increases before a flare-up, allowing for potential early warnings. The discovery may hold key to understanding rheumatoid arthritis root causes and developing therapies to prevent flares.
COVID-19: Patients improve after immune-suppressant treatment
A single-center observational study at Cedars-Sinai found that 23 out of 27 COVID-19 patients treated with tocilizumab experienced significant drops in body temperature and C-reactive protein levels. The medication was shown to reduce inflammation, oxygen requirements, blood pressure support, and risk of death.
Movements of tiger sharks at varying life stages tracked in Gulf of Mexico
A tracking study of 56 tiger sharks reveals that older sharks travel faster and swim into deeper habitats than juvenile sharks. The analysis also shows that core habitats of tiger sharks overlap with locations designated as Habitat Areas of Particular Concern.
In a first, astronomers watch a black hole's corona disappear, then reappear
Researchers at MIT watched as a supermassive black hole's corona was abruptly destroyed, causing its brightness to drop by a factor of 10,000 in under a year. The corona eventually rebuilt itself, sparking hopes for understanding how black holes' coronas are heated and powered.
SourceMassachusetts Institute of Technology·JournalThe Astrophysical Journal Letters·DateJul 15, 2020
NAU planetary scientist collaborates on first-ever Mars mission launched by Arab world
A veteran NAU planetary scientist collaborates with UAE and US teams to develop Emirates Mars Infrared Spectrometer (EMIRS), providing a unique view of Martian atmosphere. The Emirates Mars Mission 'Hope' orbiter arrives at Mars in February 2021, collecting images and data for two years.
Research brief: Researchers 3D print a working heart pump with real human cells
University of Minnesota researchers successfully 3D printed a functioning centimeter-scale human heart pump using real human cells. The discovery allows for studying heart function and disease at the cell and molecular level, creating a valuable tool for tracking blood movement and testing treatments.
Global sentiments towards COVID-19 shifts from fear to anger
A study of global tweets reveals that fear over COVID-19 has given way to anger, driven by xenophobia and isolation fatigue. Joy, gratitude, hope, and happiness also emerge, suggesting a sense of pride and community spirit.
Sylvester researchers identify protein target that might ease graft versus host disease
Sylvester researchers have identified a potential protein target, STING, that may help mitigate graft versus host disease in stem cell transplants. In preclinical models, inhibiting the STING pathway reduced symptoms of GVHD.
SourceUniversity of Miami Miller School of Medicine·JournalScience Translational Medicine·DateJul 15, 2020
SNMMI Image of the Year: Super-agers show resistance to tau and amyloid accumulation
Research at SNMMI 2020 Annual Meeting found super-agers have lower tau and amyloid pathology associated with neurodegeneration. This enables them to maintain their cognitive skills even at advanced ages. The study suggests a potential pathway for successful aging and developing novel treatments to tackle age-related diseases.
SourceSociety of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging·JournalJournal of Nuclear Medicine·DateJul 15, 2020
NASA finds limited water vapor as depression 06E becomes a trough
Tropical Depression 06E has opened up into a trough with minimal concentrations of water vapor detected by NASA's Aqua satellite. The system is dissipating due to the loss of closed circulation and interaction with cooler waters.
Geoengineering's benefits limited for apple crops in India
A Rutgers University-led study found that geoengineering's benefits for apple production in northern India are limited and may backfire if stopped abruptly. The research suggests that global warming would reduce apple production due to the winter chill period, and adaptation efforts would only partially succeed.
Flavored cigarette ban significantly reduced youth smoking, new study finds
A new study by George Mason University found that the flavored cigarette ban in 2009 significantly reduced smoking among youth (ages 12-17 years) by 43%. Young adults aged 18-25 years saw a reduction of 27%. The study suggests that comprehensive flavor bans on tobacco and nicotine products could be effective.
Devices can reduce fibers produced in laundry cycle by up to 80%
A new study reveals fibre-catching devices can significantly reduce microplastic particles in wastewater, with some devices reducing fibres by up to 78%. The research suggests that designing garments to last longer and shedding less fibres is crucial for long-term environmental benefits.
Immunotherapy with CAR T cells results in exceptional patient recovery
Researchers found that CAR T cells targeting the HER2 protein on cancer cells led to a sustained tumor response. The child's immune system was recruited to act against the tumor, suggesting a potential novel approach to fighting difficult-to-treat cancers.
Prediabetes linked to increased risk of heart disease and death
A review of available evidence suggests that prediabetes is associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease in both the general population and patients with a history of heart disease. Screening and proper management of prediabetes may contribute to primary and secondary prevention of CVD.
Most dietary guidelines are not compatible with global health and environmental targets
Most dietary guidelines are not compatible with global health and environmental targets, finds an analysis published by The BMJ. Reforming national dietary guidelines could prevent deaths from chronic diseases and cut greenhouse gas emissions, according to a new study.
Precision trial highlights need for new approach to treating genomically complex cancers
The National Lung Matrix Trial, the world's largest precision medicine clinical trial for NSCLC, matches treatments to genetic changes in cancer. It found that targeted therapy is challenging due to genomic complexity and the need for more sophisticated models.
Learning the wiring diagram for autism spectrum disorders
Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center identified a key brain region, the cerebellum's Rcrus1, which regulates repetitive and inflexible behaviors in individuals with autism. Inhibiting activity in this region improved social behaviors, while stimulation restored social functions, offering potential new therapies for ASD.
Only a third of pediatricians fully follow guidelines on peanut allergy prevention
A study published in JAMA Network Open found that only 30% of US pediatricians fully implement recommended practices for preventing peanut allergy, with common barriers including lack of clinic time and parental fear. The 2017 guidelines aim to introduce peanut-containing foods at 4-6 months to reduce prevalence.
SourceAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago·JournalJAMA Network Open·DateJul 15, 2020
After universal masking, health care worker COVID-19 rates drop at Mass General Brigham
A study published in JAMA found that after universal masking was implemented at Mass General Brigham, the rate of COVID-19 infection among health care workers dropped significantly. The positivity rate decreased linearly from 15% to 11% after the policy was implemented.
New promising treatment uses smart nanoparticles to target lung cancer
Researchers at Lund University developed a novel surgical technique combining with smart nanoparticles to target lung tumors. The approach has shown promise in animal models, allowing for selective tumor targeting and reduced side effects.
Early life stress is associated with youth-onset depression for some types of stress but not others
A meta-analysis of 62 studies and 44,000 participants reveals that eight specific types of early life stress are associated with an increased risk of developing depression in youth. These include emotional abuse, poverty, and death of a family member, while others like sexual abuse and physical abuse show stronger links to the condition.
SourceElsevier·JournalJournal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry·DateJul 15, 2020
Tulane scientists build high-performing hybrid solar energy converter
Researchers developed a hybrid solar energy converter that generates both electricity and thermal energy with high efficiency and low cost, enabling zero-net-energy development and greenhouse-gas-free operations. The system demonstrated 85.1% efficiency and is projected to have a system levelized cost of 3 cents per kilowatt hour.
Unleashing the potential of tethered drones
Researchers at King Abdullah University of Science & Technology have developed a new model for positioning tethered unmanned aerial vehicles (TUAVs) to improve cellular phone and internet networks. The study shows that TUAVs can outperform free-flying UAVs in most scenarios with longer tethers.
SourceKing Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST)·JournalIEEE Transactions on Communications·DateJul 15, 2020
Marine drifters: Interdisciplinary study explores plankton diversity
Researchers from OIST Graduate University explored how ocean currents impact plankton diversity, finding that currents create barriers that limit dispersal and force coexistence of species. The study used mathematical models and metagenomics to uncover the mystery behind high plankton diversity in oceans.
SourceOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University·JournalScience Advances·DateJul 15, 2020
The road to a battery-powered Europe
European manufacturers are emerging as sustainable successors to combustion engines, with the European Commission investing heavily in initiatives to establish new factories and mining operations across the region. The goal is to create hundreds of thousands of jobs while reducing the carbon footprint of production.
Hyksos, 15th Dynasty rulers of Ancient Egypt, were an internal takeover
A study using chemical analysis reveals that the Hyksos rulers of Ancient Egypt were a multi-cultural group who rose to power from within. The research found that a large percentage of the population in the ancient capital city were non-locals who immigrated from various places, contradicting the common story of a sudden invasion.
Mount Sinai researchers discover that topical treatment improves chronic plaque psoriasis
Researchers found that roflumilast cream significantly improved psoriasis signs and symptoms in as early as two weeks, with clear skin, itch reduction, and burden of disease improvement. The treatment showed promise for patients with plaque psoriasis lacking suitable options.
SourceThe Mount Sinai Hospital / Mount Sinai School of Medicine·JournalNew England Journal of Medicine·DateJul 15, 2020
Study of natural gas flaring finds high risks to babies
A recent study published in Environmental Health Perspectives found a strong association between natural gas flaring and an increased risk of preterm birth. Exposure to high levels of flaring was linked to a 50% higher odds of preterm birth compared to no exposure, with women living near flaring sites facing the greatest risks.
Exercise in a first-year writing course increases retention at broad-access universities
A three-year study found that a reading-and-writing exercise about social belonging increased the persistence and performance of Black, Latinx, Native American, and first-generation students. The intervention boosted retention by 10% and improved grade-point averages among these students.
Don't Let social isolation keep you from being active
Researchers say that five to 10 days of physical inactivity can lead to muscle loss and chronic diseases. Older adults who walk fewer than 1,500 steps a day can lose up to 4 percent of their muscle tissue in just two weeks.
SourceAmerican Geriatrics Society·JournalJournal of the American Geriatrics Society·DateJul 15, 2020
Expand school digital literacy lessons to cover health technologies used by young people
A recent report highlights the growing importance of digital health for young people, who are using apps and online tools to track their health from a very young age. The study suggests that schools need to educate young people about digital health as part of the health curriculum to mitigate risks and promote healthy lifestyles.
Does eating fish protect our brains from air pollution?
A new study found that older women who eat more fish may counteract the negative effects of air pollution on their brains. The research discovered a link between higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids and greater brain volumes, particularly in white matter and the hippocampus.
COVID-19 'price gouging' could be prevented
A new paper from the University of Portsmouth argues that excessive pricing due to COVID-19 can be prevented by enforcing EU competition law and applying price controls. The research suggests that imposing fines may not be effective in addressing price gouging, as companies may continue to raise prices in the future.
SourceUniversity of Portsmouth·JournalJournal of European Competition Law & Practice·DateJul 15, 2020
New study shows how plants regulate their growth-inhibiting hormones to survive
A Nagoya University team has discovered a process called allosteric regulation in plants, which helps maintain the balance of phytohormones gibberellin and auxin. This finding could lead to improved rice crop productivity and provide a solution for food security.
Antarctica more widely impacted than previously thought
A team of researchers has quantified human activity across Antarctica, revealing that almost every area has been visited. Biodiversity is not well-represented within these areas, highlighting the need for swift action to declare new protected areas.
Common FDA-approved drug may effectively neutralize virus that causes COVID-19
Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute found that heparin, a common blood thinner, can effectively neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The drug binds tightly to the surface spike protein of the virus, preventing it from infecting human cells and potentially reducing the severity of COVID-19 symptoms.
New organic material unlocks faster and more flexible electronic devices
Researchers at ANU have developed a novel organic semiconductor material that can be bent into any shape, promising faster and more flexible electronic devices. The material is made of just carbon and hydrogen, making it biodegradable and recyclable, which could reduce e-waste.
Love-hate relationship of solvent and water leads to better biomass breakup
A team of scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory used neutron scattering and supercomputing to understand how an organic solvent and water work together to break down plant biomass. They identified optimal temperatures for the process, which can aid in the rational design of even more efficient technologies.
SourceDOE/Oak Ridge National Laboratory·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateJul 15, 2020
Analysis of immune responses in COVID-19 patients identifies defining features of severe disease
An analysis of COVID-19 patients identified unique immune signatures in severe cases. The study found characteristic immune phenotypes and innate immune system changes, suggesting targeted strategies for clinical care.
SourceAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)·JournalScience Immunology·DateJul 15, 2020
Translating skeletal movements, joint by joint
A global team of computer scientists developed a novel deep-learning framework to automate precise translation of human motion. The framework can accurately replicate motion retargeting without specifying explicit pairing between varying data sets, enabling the training of stronger models.
Smartphone accelerometers could help in resistance workouts and rehabilitation protocols
Smartphone accelerometers measure key muscle training time-under-tension indicators, aiding in resistance workouts and rehabilitation. The study uses these devices to obtain scientific mechanical-biological descriptors of resistance exercise training, providing valuable insights for trainers and healthcare professionals.
Designing DNA from scratch: Engineering the functions of micrometer-sized DNA droplets
Researchers create Y-shaped DNA nanostructures that can fuse exclusively with similar ones, demonstrating controllability of liquid-liquid phase separation. The team also constructs a special DNA structure to bridge incompatible motifs, allowing for the creation of Janus-shaped droplets with localized cargo molecules.
AI model to forecast complicated large-scale tropical instability waves in Pacific Ocean
A team of researchers developed an AI model to forecast complicated large-scale tropical instability waves in the Pacific Ocean. The model, which uses satellite data-driven deep learning, accurately predicted sea surface temperature evolution and captured TIW propagation's spatial and temporal variation.
Four winners of the Schmidt Marine Costal Pollution Challenge are named
The Schmidt Marine Coastal Pollution Challenge selected four innovative solutions to address the urgent need to eliminate the causes and reduce the impact of coastal pollution, specifically nitrogen and phosphorous. The winning projects include a biodegradable plastic alternative and a low-cost nitrogen sensor technology.
Researchers identify genetic factors that may influence COVID-19 susceptibility
A recent Cleveland Clinic study has identified genetic factors that may influence an individual's susceptibility to COVID-19. The research found associations between polymorphisms in the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes and increased risk of cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions, as well as poor outcomes with COVID-19.
'Bystander' Cs meet their match in gene-editing technique
Biomolecular engineers at Rice University have developed a gene-editing technique that dramatically enhances the accuracy of CRISPR-based edits. The new technique, called A3G-BE, precisely modifies single targeted cytosine mutations while minimizing unwanted editing, showing significant success in treating disease-relevant contexts.
Renewable energy transition makes dollars and sense
Researchers found that transitioning to renewable energy technologies has high energy return on investment (EROI) values, making it a worthwhile transition. The study analyzed dozens of studies on wind and solar renewables in regions with high solar and/or wind resources.
Monitoring groundwater changes more precisely
Researchers from Potsdam and the USA combined gravity field data from GRACE satellites with local measurement methods to track groundwater changes more precisely. This new approach allows for accurate water storage analysis in smaller regions, even for catchments as small as 1000 square kilometers.
SourceGFZ GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Helmholtz Centre·JournalEarth and Planetary Science Letters·DateJul 15, 2020
When should you neuter your dog to avoid health risks?
A comprehensive study of 35 dog breeds found that vulnerability to joint disorders varies greatly depending on the breed, with smaller breeds generally unaffected. The study also identified significant increases in certain cancers in smaller dogs when neutered, highlighting the need for personalized neutering decisions.
Extinction Rebellion's activists more likely to be new to protesting, study shows
A recent study by the University of Exeter reveals that Extinction Rebellion activists are more likely to be new to protesting, with 10% of participants being first-time demonstrators. The research also shows that these protesters are predominantly middle-class and highly educated individuals, with a strong presence from southern England.
Blood test could reveal when rheumatoid arthritis will strike
Researchers have discovered a novel cell type called PRIME cells that accumulate in the blood before rheumatoid arthritis flares, allowing for potential early prediction of disease onset. The findings could lead to better management of the condition and its symptoms.
Elderly Alzheimer's patients are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection
A recent study has found that elderly Alzheimer's patients are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection due to increased expression of the ACE2 gene, which acts as an entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. The research, published in the Journal of Infection, suggests that elevated ACE2 levels can lead to a higher risk of infection.
HKBU research reveals greater flood risks in the coastal region of China
A study by Hong Kong Baptist University found that slow-moving tropical cyclones bring about 20% more rainfall, resulting in increased flood risks in the region. The research also identified a correlation between slower moving speeds and higher rainfall volumes.
SourceHong Kong Baptist University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateJul 15, 2020
Dehydration increases amphibian vulnerability to climate change
A new study reveals that dehydration increases amphibian vulnerability to climate change, with rising temperatures and dry conditions posing a dual threat. By 2080s, habitats may become too hot or dehydrating for many species, forcing them to adapt by moving between habitats more often.
New material mimics strength, toughness of mother of pearl
Researchers have created a new material that mimics the strength and toughness of mother of pearl, with layers of aragonite stacked in an intricate herringbone pattern. The material is almost twice as strong and four times as tough as previous nacre mimics, making it suitable for sustainable medical uses.
Data analytics can predict global warming trends, heat waves
A new study from Arizona State University and Stanford University uses data analytics to predict global warming trends and heat waves. The researchers tracked temperature variances over years and days, identifying early warning signs of catastrophic changes. Urban greening strategies may promote reverse tipping to restore climate syste...
In the sharing economy, consumers see themselves as helpers
A new study by Ohio State University suggests that consumers view independent providers in the sharing economy differently from traditional employees. Firms like Uber and Airbnb should focus on people who provide their services to effectively market themselves to consumers. This shift in perception may have implications for consumer be...
Study suggests overall COVID-19 intensive care mortality has fallen by a third since the start of the pandemic
A systematic review of COVID-19 ICU mortality rates shows a relative decrease from 60% to 42% between March and May. Despite variations in admission criteria, treatments, and geographical location, the overall trend suggests improved survival rates for patients with severe COVID-19.
KIST develops "dielectrophoretic tweezer" technology for toxic nanoparticles
Researchers developed a technology to sort and purify nanoparticles using dielectrophoresis. The 'nanogap electrode' can capture particles as small as 20 nanometers, paving the way for applications in environmental and medical sciences.
SourceNational Research Council of Science & Technology·JournalNature Communications·DateJul 15, 2020
CUNY ISPH landmark national cohort study awarded $3.4 million NIH grant
The CHASING COVID study follows a diverse cohort of thousands of adults to understand the effects of COVID-19 on mental health, employment, and economic outcomes. The study aims to inform the response to the pandemic and future pandemics with knowledge generated from its longitudinal epidemiologic design.
Regular physical activity seems to enhance cognition in children who need it most
A recent study by the University of Tsukuba found that regular physical activity improves cognitive skills, especially in children with initially poor executive function. The research suggests daily physical activity is critical for school-aged children and has practical implications for educational institutions.
Penn researchers find three distinct immune responses for sicker COVID-19 patients
A new study from Penn researchers identified three distinct immune profiles in severely ill COVID-19 patients. These immunotypes were characterized by different levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activity, with the third type showing little to no immune response. The findings could help predict disease severity and guide treatment strategies.
Coumarin compounds from oak barrels could contribute to bitter taste in wine and spirits
Researchers detected six coumarins in oak wood, wine, and spirits, finding that a combination can produce a bitter taste. Higher levels of coumarins were found in red wines and spirits, particularly those aged for longer times.
FSU researchers find sun, rain transform asphalt binder into potentially toxic compounds
A study by FSU researchers found that asphalt binder leaches thousands of potentially toxic compounds into the environment when exposed to sunlight and water. The team used high-resolution mass spectrometers to identify over 15,000 different carbon-containing molecules in the water.
Exploring how a scorpion toxin might help treat heart attacks
Researchers have discovered a peptide in scorpion venom that can dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure in hypertensive rats. The compound, KPP, regulates proteins associated with cell death, energy production, and muscle contraction.
New chemical analyzes: What did Danes and Italians in the Middle Ages have in common?
Researchers found similarities in dietary patterns between noble families and commoners, despite social differences. They also identified specific trace elements that revealed a person's diet and exposure to certain metals.
"Alexa, go to the kitchen and fetch me a snack"
Researchers create 3D Dynamic Scene Graphs, enabling robots to quickly generate maps of their surroundings and extract relevant information. The new model is modeled after human perception and allows robots to navigate and make decisions like humans.
Bacteria with a metal diet discovered in dirty glassware
Researchers at Caltech have found bacteria that use manganese as their primary source of energy, converting carbon dioxide into biomass through chemosynthesis. This discovery sheds light on the geochemistry of groundwater and has implications for understanding manganese nodules on the seafloor.
Obesity and metabolic syndrome are risk factors for severe influenza, COVID-19
Research finds obesity and metabolic syndrome to be risk factors for severe disease from viral infections. Patients with these conditions are at increased risk of developing severe pneumonia and a cytokine storm that damages lung tissue, making them more susceptible to severe illness from influenza and COVID-19.
Children exposed to Deepwater Horizon oil spill suffered physical, mental health effects
A study found that Gulf Coast children who were exposed to the oil spill had a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing physical and mental health problems. The impacts persisted years after the disaster, with physical health issues being 4.5 times more common in directly exposed children.
Researchers outline strategy for testing ketone bodies against COVID-19
Ketone bodies, produced during fat metabolism, may have therapeutic benefits against COVID-19, seasonal flu and other respiratory infections. Researchers propose testing ketone supplementation to bolster muscle function and attenuate delirium among infected survivors.
Prediabetes - a window of opportunity to reduce healthcare burden?
A new study by The George Institute for Global Health found that prediabetes is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and death. Researchers analyzed over 10 million people and found that early detection and proper treatment can have significant benefits in reducing the burden of these conditions.
Back to the operating room: Orthopedic surgeons issue guidelines on resuming elective surgery amid COVID-19 pandemic
Expert panel recommends criteria for resumeing elective orthopedic surgery, including local COVID-19 trends and personal protective equipment availability. Guidelines also emphasize patient education, social distancing, and postoperative safeguards.
Rewriting history: New evidence challenges Euro-centric narrative of early colonization
A study from Washington University in St. Louis reveals that Indigenous people in Oconee Valley continued to live and resist European influence for nearly 150 years, reframing historical narratives of early colonial encounters. The research highlights the longevity and endurance of Indigenous Mississippian traditions.
Ideal way to screen for disease
Scientists at Flinders University recommend AIEgen technology for accurate clinical biomarkers and rapid disease screening through bioprobe tests. The technique can detect disease biomarkers in very low concentrations using low-cost, portable devices.
Space station motors make a robotic prosthetic leg more comfortable, extend battery life
Researchers developed a new robotic prosthetic leg that consumes half the battery power of state-of-art robotic legs while producing more force. The streamlined design features regenerative braking, which charges the battery with energy captured when the foot hits the ground, enabling users to walk for over twice as long on one charge.
Moffitt researchers identify factors to predict severe toxicities in CAR T patients
Researchers found that high levels of pre-treatment interleukin 6 indicate a high risk for neurotoxicity and cytokine release syndrome from CAR T therapy. The study also suggests that targeting the tumor microenvironment prior to therapy may help reduce inflammation and toxicities.
SourceH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute·JournalClinical Cancer Research·DateJul 15, 2020
The smallest micro-gripper, grown on optical fibers, is operated remotely with light
Scientists have developed a new class of light-powered, remotely controlled grippers grown on optical fibers. These micro-tools can change shape in response to light and are vital for various technologies. The researchers used liquid crystal elastomer technology to create the micro-grippers.
How long should you fast for weight loss?
A new study published in Cell Metabolism found that two daily fasting diets, with eating windows of 4-6 hours, can lead to significant weight loss and improved cardiometabolic risk factors. Participants lost about 3% of their body weight by reducing calorie intake and showed reduced insulin resistance and oxidative stress levels.
Tree planting does not always boost ecosystem carbon stocks, study finds
A recent study found that tree planting on heather moorland in Scotland did not increase carbon storage, but instead led to a decline in soil organic carbon stocks. The research suggests that planting trees may not be an effective strategy for mitigating climate change in certain areas.
Mystery about cause of genetic disease in horses
A research team from Göttingen University has re-examined the skin of Dark Ronald XX and found no evidence of the PLOD1 mutation responsible for Warmblood fragile foal syndrome. The study suggests that the disease may have originated from a different genetic source, challenging previous theories.
What COVID-19 can teach tourism about the climate crisis
New research from Lund University suggests that COVID-19 has exposed the tourism industry's lack of resilience to downturns and its vulnerability to the climate crisis. The study advises destinations to prioritize shorter stays, increase local profits, and rethink food services to reduce carbon emissions.
Study funded by ADDF finds dopamine therapy improves cognitive function in Alzheimer's
A study supported by the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation found that rotigotine, a dopamine-acting drug, improved frontal lobe executive function and daily activities in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. The treatment also enhanced dopaminergic pathways reaching this section of the brain.
Scientists identify new material with potential for brain-like computing
Lehigh University researchers have developed a new complex material design strategy for potential use in neuromorphic computing, using metallocene intercalation in hafnium disulfide (HfS2). The work demonstrates the effectiveness of functionalizing a 2D material with an organic molecule, achieving high tunability and energy efficiency.
Slow growth the key to long term cold sensing
Researchers have found a new temperature sensing mechanism in plants that uses slow growth to measure long-term changes in temperature. The study reveals that the protein NTL8 plays a crucial role in this process, accumulating slowly over time and being diluted by faster growth rates.
New research highlights increased loneliness in over-70s during COVID-19 pandemic
A joint report from Trinity College researchers and ALONE highlights increased feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and isolation in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most callers to ALONE's national support line were from over-70s living alone, reporting negative emotions and putting off medical treatment.
Consensus statement on doppler waveforms
The document proposes standardized nomenclature for arterial and venous waveforms, aiming to improve communication amongst vascular professionals and ultimately enhance patient care. It covers various vascular territories throughout the body, including carotid, peripheral arterial, and renal circulation.
Bed bugs modify microbiome of homes they infest
Researchers at North Carolina State University found that bed bug infestations alter the indoor microbial diversity in homes, with the presence of Wolbachia bacterium being a key driver. After eliminating bed bugs, home microbiomes gradually shifted toward those of uninfested homes.
Detailed study of immune responses in COVID-19 patients reveals distinct 'immunotypes'
Researchers identified distinct immune profiles, 'Immunotypes,' in 125 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. These signatures correlated with disease severity and provided insights into the human immune response.
Invasive hedgehogs and ferrets habituate to and categorize smells
Researchers found that ferrets generalize avian smells, while hedgehogs do not, which could inform strategies to protect bird colonies by saturating the area with bird smell. The study provides insights into the hunting strategies and priorities of invasive predators.
A GoPro for beetles: Researchers create a robotic camera backpack for insects
The team developed a low-power, low-weight wireless camera system that can capture first-person views from live insects or small robots. The camera uses a mechanical arm to pivot 60 degrees, allowing for wide-angle views without consuming excessive power.
Scientists open new window into the nanoworld
Researchers at JILA have developed an ultraviolet laser technique to probe materials down to 5 nanometers thick, revealing surprising discoveries about material behavior. The study found that very thin materials can be up to 10 times softer than expected, and certain dopings can disrupt atomic bonds, affecting strength.
States slow to implement stay-at-home orders saw higher rates of COVID-19 deaths
Researchers from Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania found that states with delayed social distancing measures had significantly higher COVID-19 mortality rates. The study analyzed over 55,000 deaths across 37 states between January and April 2020.