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Science News for October 6, 2020


Warmer winters are keeping some lakes from freezing

A study analyzing nearly 80 years of lake ice data found ice-free years have become more than three times more frequent since 1978, with 11% of lakes experiencing at least one completely ice-free year. Warmer winter temperatures are driving this trend, and the researchers project it will continue due to climate change.

SourceAmerican Geophysical Union·JournalGeophysical Research Letters·DateOct 6, 2020

Evolution: Shifts in mating preference

Researchers have identified five genes associated with the different visual mating preferences of two tropical butterfly species. These genes are linked to the processing of visual information during courtship, without affecting perceptions of other aspects of the environment. This study provides insights into the evolutionary changes ...

SourceLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München·JournalNature Communications·DateOct 6, 2020

Climate-friendly cooling to help ease global warming

A new study suggests that coordinated international action on energy-efficient, climate-friendly cooling could avoid as much as 600 billion tonnes CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gas emissions in this century. The Kigali Amendment aims to phase down HFCs, and improving energy efficiency in cooling technologies can lead to significant elec...

SourceInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis·JournalAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics·DateOct 6, 2020

Battling with neighbors could make animals smarter

According to a study published in Nature Communications, interactions with outsiders may drive the evolution of intelligence in animals. Big-brained animals have adapted to contend with rival outsiders, requiring considerable brain power to defend territories, find mates and compete for resources.

SourceUniversity of Bristol·JournalNature Communications·DateOct 6, 2020

Some employees more likely to adhere to information security policies than others

A new study from Binghamton University found that professional subcultures within an organization significantly impact employees' compliance with information security policies. Researchers discovered that different groups, such as physicians and support staff, have varying levels of adherence due to their unique work responsibilities a...

SourceBinghamton University·JournalInformation Systems Research·DateOct 6, 2020

Promising treatment for aggressive childhood cancer

Researchers at Lund University identified and tested a drug effective against neuroblastoma, showing promising results with tumor growth prevention and prolonged survival in mice. The KSP inhibitor has been shown to be especially effective against the aggressive variant, which often has poor prognosis.

SourceLund University·JournalScience Translational Medicine·DateOct 6, 2020

'Brain fog' following COVID-19 recovery may indicate PTSD

A new report suggests that COVID-19 survivors may be experiencing 'brain fog' and other neurological symptoms due to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The study, published in The Clinical Neuropsychologist, explores historical data on previous coronaviruses and finds a heightened risk of PTSD among survivors. Researchers emphasize...

SourceUniversity of California - Los Angeles Health Sciences·JournalThe Clinical Neuropsychologist·DateOct 6, 2020

Interplanetary storm chasing

Researchers Jeremy Bloxham and Rakesh K. Yadav use a 3D simulation model to understand the formation of Saturn's massive hexagon storm, which has remained relatively unchanged for nearly 40 years. The study suggests that deep thermal convection plays a key role in creating the unique shape and persistence of the storm.

NREL, UK university partner to dive deeper into how enzymes digest plastic

A collaboration between NREL and the University of Portsmouth has led to breakthroughs in understanding how enzymes like PETase and MHETase work together to degrade polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic. The research reveals that combining these two synergistic enzymes significantly improves their ability to break down PET.

SourceDOE/National Renewable Energy Laboratory·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateOct 6, 2020

Consuming sugary beverages while breastfeeding affects cognitive development in children

A new study published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that consuming sugary beverages during breastfeeding can lead to poorer cognitive development in children nearly two years later. Moms who reported greater consumption of these beverages had children with lower cognitive development scores.

SourceChildren's Hospital Los Angeles·JournalAmerican Journal of Clinical Nutrition·DateOct 6, 2020

Revising climate models with new aerosol field data

Aerosol particles play a significant role in heat absorption and deflection by the atmosphere. Researchers have now detected the rate at which these tiny particles leave the atmosphere, revealing a much narrower range of lifetimes than previously suggested. This new understanding can improve climate models and air quality forecasting.

SourceColorado State University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateOct 6, 2020

Emerging field of integrative palliative care highlighted in journal special issue

A special issue on Integrative Palliative Care was published in JACM, featuring research from 11 countries on this new model of care. The issue highlights the potential value of greater mutual respect and exploratory collaborations between palliative medicine and integrative health communities.

SourceMary Ann Liebert, Inc./Genetic Engineering News·JournalThe Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine·DateOct 6, 2020

Multi-institutional team extracts more energy from sunlight with advanced solar panels

A new study shows that layering advanced materials atop traditional silicon can produce multilayered solar panels with improved efficiency. The researchers used a precisely controlled fabrication process to create the new panels, which have the potential to convert more sunlight into usable electricity.

SourceUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, News Bureau·JournalCell Reports Physical Science·DateOct 6, 2020

How mobile apps grab our attention

Researchers at Aalto University conducted the first empirical study on mobile app design, finding that larger and brighter elements don't catch users' eyes. Instead, text elements and specific locations like the top-left corner tend to draw attention.

There's a reason bacteria stay in shape

Bacteria remain roughly the same size and shape due to a theoretical model that links random processes of growth and division, canceling each other out. This discovery may provide new insights into disease mechanisms, including cancer proliferation.

SourceRice University·JournalThe Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters·DateOct 6, 2020

Evolution of the Y chromosome in great apes deciphered

Researchers reconstructed the ancestral great ape Y chromosome, showing rapid evolution in bonobo and chimpanzee. The study found accelerated rates of DNA sequence change and gene loss, suggesting mating habits may have driven this evolution.

SourcePenn State·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateOct 6, 2020

Fighting pandemics with plasma

Researchers use plasma to kill pathogenic bacteria and viruses on PPE, with promising results shown for N95 masks and other supplies. A low-cost approach also uses ozone generated by a plasma ball to sterilize PPE, potentially reducing thousands of tons of waste per day.

Birds risk starvation trying to "keep pace" with climate change

Birds breeding earlier due to climate change face increased risk of mortality, as chicks hatch into unpredictable weather conditions. This study examines the impact on Tree Swallows, finding that advancing breeding dates result in reduced availability of food resources, exacerbating the effects of climate change.

SourceCornell University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateOct 6, 2020

Breaking the coupling process

Researchers at University of Freiburg and University of Zurich provide detailed understanding of allostery's dynamics and structure changes. Allostery is crucial for protein signaling, with disruptions potentially leading to diseases like cancer.

SourceUniversity of Freiburg·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateOct 6, 2020

Earth grows fine gems in minutes

Research from Rice University found that certain cooling magmas can grow large crystals in just hours or days, defying traditional understanding of crystal growth. The study used advanced techniques to measure the chemical composition and growth rates of sample crystals, revealing surprisingly fast growth rates.

SourceRice University·JournalNature Communications·DateOct 6, 2020

A timeline on the evolution of reptiles

Researchers created the largest available timeline of reptile evolution using CT scans and fossil data from over 1,000 specimens. The study found that major transitions in evolution occurred through many small bursts of morphological changes over 50 million years, contradicting a widely held theory on rapid evolutionary bursts.

SourceHarvard University·JournalNature Communications·DateOct 6, 2020

Watch how cells squeeze through channels

Researchers observed cells moving through small channels to understand cell migration in 3D environments. The findings suggest that cancer cells may penetrate tissues and be blocked within small capillaries, potentially allowing them to metastasize.

SourceCell Press·JournalBiophysical Journal·DateOct 6, 2020

Could megatesla magnetic fields be realized on Earth?

Scientists at Osaka University have discovered a novel mechanism, microtube implosion, which generates megatesla-order magnetic fields. This breakthrough is three orders of magnitude higher than what has been achieved in a laboratory, with potential applications in materials science, quantum electrodynamics, and astrophysics.

SourceOsaka University·JournalScientific Reports·DateOct 6, 2020

Novel testing platform designed for breast cancer cells

A Purdue University team has developed a magnetically moving cell culturing system to evaluate the impact of mechanical forces on breast cancer cells. The technology allows for the growth of 3D cancer cells in a new tissue environment, mimicking the physiological conditions found in the lungs during breathing.

SourcePurdue University·JournalAdvanced Functional Materials·DateOct 6, 2020

Colorectal cancer treatment: the winning combinations

Scientists have developed a technique that quickly identifies optimal synergistic combinations of anticancer drugs, reducing tumour growth by 80% and outperforming chemotherapy. The technology, called TGMO, achieves results in under two weeks, paving the way for personalized, effective, and safe cancer treatment.

SourceUniversité de Genève·JournalMolecular Oncology·DateOct 6, 2020

Predicting sports performance with "big data"

Researchers developed a mathematical model to estimate key physiological parameters like maximal aerobic speed and endurance in athletes. The non-invasive data gathering method offers new possibilities for treatments and monitoring.

SourceCNRS·JournalNature Communications·DateOct 6, 2020

Effects of acute and chronic graft-versus-myelodysplastic syndrome on long-term outcomes following a

A recent study has shown that graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect associated with limited chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) improves survival in high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. For those with low-risk MDS, acute and chronic GVHD did not improve overall mortality or relapse rates.