The collection explores gaps in understanding microplastics' effects on ecosystems, human health, and carbon cycling. Experts call for open collaboration to develop policies and regulations for emerging contaminants.
A study of 11 autopsy cases reveals high viral loads in lungs causing significant damage, but also detects SARS-CoV-2 RNA in other tissues without visible damage. This suggests the immune system may be unable to respond adequately to the virus' presence in the blood.
A UC Riverside geneticist has won a $1.7 million grant to study how barley has adapted to survive thousands of years, with the goal of understanding its future survival in extreme weather conditions. The project will also train undergraduates in agricultural science and computational techniques.
Scientists at St Petersburg University discovered a transmissible cancer lineage in Far Eastern mussels, which can have an adverse effect on these molluscs. The disease is characterized by disseminated neoplasia, a large-scale, fatal cancer that can be compared to leukemia in vertebrates.
Researchers developed a wireless implant to rapidly change adult songbirds' songs, expanding the toolbox for neuroscientists to study brain behavior and vocalization. The device, about the size of a dime, can modulate specific neurons during birdsong, causing pitch changes.
Researchers at the University of Sussex have developed an extremely thin, large-area semiconductor surface source of terahertz radiation, opening up opportunities for anti-counterfeiting and 'the internet of things'. The new development is 10 times thinner than previously achieved, with comparable or even better performances.
A new online database, CarniDIET, has been created to provide detailed information on the diets of carnivores worldwide. Users can search for data by species or country and access interactive maps to understand geographical variations in diet.
A new study from the University of Notre Dame finds that formal educational attainment has almost no relationship with job satisfaction. Better-educated individuals may enjoy greater resources, but also experience increased stress and demands, offsetting any positive gains.
A new study suggests that early Earth's hotter mantle could have stored more water than today, leading to a larger global ocean. The findings challenge previous assumptions about the size of the ocean and offer clues to its evolution over time.
A UMD study found that supporting Indonesian women in conservation sciences can help tackle global biodiversity challenges. The research, which documented the motivations and challenges faced by women in this field, highlights the need for culturally appropriate training and mentorship to enable their participation.
A series of land-based learning retreats is helping Indigenous youth reconnect with their cultures, emphasizing knowledge-sharing, survival skills, and ceremonies. The retreats provide a safe space for young people to learn about their heritage, including cultural workshops, arts-based activities, and storytelling sessions.
The AFoPS Science Symposium successfully promoted joint polar observations in the region, with six member countries presenting their latest research results. The event also provided an opportunity for participants to exchange information and ideas for future collaborative research.
Researchers at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center developed a new framework to understand how a child's brain is wired to learn to read. The 'eco-bio-developmental' model identifies risk factors for reading difficulties in infancy, emphasizing the importance of early screening and intervention.
Researchers investigate shockwave boundary layer interactions, with a focus on transitional regime experiments and simulations. Better understanding of these interactions could prevent catastrophes in high-speed vehicles.
A recent study analyzing nearly 250,000 mathematicians found that the Fields Medal has elevated marginalized nationalities, but also perpetuates self-reinforcing behavior through mentoring relationships. The research highlights the need for the prize to return to its roots and achieve its original goal of promoting inclusivity in math.
Researchers at VCU Massey Cancer Center developed a bespoke therapy combining phenformin and AZD3965 to exploit the metabolic 'hunger' of aggressive neuroblastoma, leading to greater tumor shrinkage without collateral damage. The treatment showed promising results in mice seeded with MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma patient cells.
A study found that young adults with inflammatory conditions like psoriasis, lupus, or rheumatoid arthritis are twice as likely to experience fatal heart attacks. Researchers also discovered that patients with these conditions were less likely to be prescribed aspirin and statins after a heart attack.
A study found that algorithm-generated music recommendations are less accurate for listeners of non-mainstream music compared to those who listen to mainstream music. The researchers identified four groups of non-mainstream music listeners based on their listening habits and found that users who listened to high-energy music received t...
Researchers from Brown University have discovered a previously unknown type of ancient crater lake on Mars that differs from other Martian crater lakes. The crater was likely fed by runoff from a long-lost Martian glacier, which suggests the planet's early climate may have been warmer and wetter than previously thought.
Southwest Research Institute is developing an AI-based integrated corridor management decision support system for the Tennessee Department of Transportation. The system uses machine learning algorithms to optimize traffic flow and improve collaboration among transportation agencies.
A new species of dinosaur, Llkalkan aliocranianus, was discovered with extreme powerful bites, very sharp teeth, and huge claws. Its unique skull structure suggests it may have had a better sense of hearing than other abelisaurids.
A study in the San Francisco Bay area found that COVID-19 vaccine uptake differed significantly across racial and ethnic groups. Among health workers, vaccination rates were highest among white healthcare providers and lowest among Asian-American healthcare workers.
Researchers found high levels of antimicrobial resistance in water from the Hua Krabue canal, but low levels in aquaculture ponds. The study highlights the urgent need to improve urban sanitation in Thailand's coastal region. Safely managed sanitation is crucial for combatting antibiotic resistance.
Researchers found that broadcasting murrelet calls increased the odds of recording wild murrelet calls by as much as 15 times. The birds remembered the locations of experimental areas for nearly a year after broadcasts ceased.
A University of Colorado Boulder-led research team found the Iberá Seedeater, an endangered songbird, used genetic shuffling instead of new mutations for speciation. The bird's unique behavior keeps it apart from closely related species.
Researchers have proven that a sexually transmitted herpesvirus causes cancer in California sea lions, with parallels to human cervical cancer. The study suggests pollutants and viruses play a role in cancer development, making sea lions a valuable model for human cancer research.
A new mathematical model suggests that easing lockdown must be accompanied by wider and more effective use of control measures like facemasks to suppress COVID-19. The model shows that non-spatial control measures can limit virus particle spread between people.
Researchers at KU Leuven have developed an experimental hearing implant that can register brain waves to measure hearing quality. This innovation enables smart hearing aids with objective, user-independent assessments and potentially automates self-adjustments.
Research finds that urban squirrels' success rates increase with repeated solving of a novel food-extraction task, suggesting adaptability to urban stressors. The study also reveals that direct human disturbance is a major stressor, while green coverage and squirrel population size have less impact on problem-solving performance.
A new study by ISGlobal estimates that poor urban and transport planning is associated with over 1,000 premature deaths per year in Barcelona and Madrid. The study found that fine particulate air pollution was the leading cause of death, accounting for 524 deaths per year in Barcelona.
Researchers found that high-fiber compounds reduced the expression of a gene and cytokine receptor involved in viral cell entry and inflammation. The findings suggest that high-fiber diets may help control inflammation caused by COVID-19, which can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms and changes in gut microbiota.
Researchers found that patients with public health insurance, a history of Child Protective Services involvement, and an unscheduled hospitalization during pediatric care were at higher risk for end-stage renal disease and death. Childhood-onset lupus patients face significant challenges as they transition to adult healthcare.
Researchers from Chalmers University of Technology have developed an AI-based approach called ProteinGAN, which uses generative deep learning to create highly diverse protein variants with naturalistic-like physical properties. This method accelerates the rate of protein engineering, driving down development costs and enabling environm...
Researchers developed a computational model to simulate cell division and apoptosis in the cerebral cortex, finding that early cell death influences brain structure. The study replicated various brain structures in rats, macaques, and humans.
Researchers found genetically distinct Fal Estuary maerl beds, shaped by geographical isolation and limited connectivity. Threats from shipping and climate change require targeted conservation efforts to protect these ancient ecosystems.
A new study examines how people with limited language ability express their wishes and preferences, and how support workers respond. The research found that subtle non-verbal cues signal resistance to activities, emphasizing the need for flexible institutional timetables and staff training.
Researchers found that the lateral habenula (LHb) regulates cardiovascular responses via the serotonergic system, controlling heart rate and blood pressure. The study provides new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying stress-induced behavioral responses.
A new study analyzes thousands of geological features to quantify the response of ancient eolian systems to global climatic shifts. The results demonstrate that preserved sedimentary architectures developed under icehouse and greenhouse conditions are fundamentally different due to contrasting environmental conditions. This research ca...
Researchers found that CD8+ T cells in recovered COVID-19 patients can recognize virtually all mutations in recent SARS-CoV-2 variants, offering protection against emerging strains. This suggests that vaccination may still be effective against new variants, and booster vaccinations may be needed to maintain immunity.
Researchers discovered that Streptococcus pyogenes can use arginine to survive on the skin surface. This knowledge could lead to new treatment strategies by blocking arginine metabolism in the bacteria.
During the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, nearly a third of Pennsylvania smokers increased their daily cigarette consumption due to stress, boredom, and increased free time. Smokers who experienced this increase were at a higher risk of dependence and had difficulty quitting.
A new study by the University of Georgia suggests that social media addiction is associated with an increased risk of cyberbullying behaviors among adolescents. Higher scores on social media addiction tests, more time spent online, and identifying as male were linked to a greater likelihood of perpetrating cyberbullying.
Research in Tanzania shows that women farmers face social structural barriers and discriminatory land rights, limiting their ability to increase crop yields. Access to improved seeds, knowledge, and decision-making is key to closing the gender yield gap.
Researchers from Tomsk Polytechnic University and colleagues have experimentally proven the existence of a two-dimensional curved flux of plasmonic quasiparticles, a plasmonic hook. The flat 2D hook possesses new properties, making it a promising transmitter for high-speed microoptical circuits.
A four-year clinical trial from the DRCR Retina Network found that early anti-VEGF injections slowed diabetic retinopathy progression, but did not improve vision at two years. Standard treatment remained effective in preventing further vision loss.
A new study by The George Institute for Global Health found that replacing regular salt with a reduced-sodium, added-potassium salt substitute significantly lowered systolic blood pressure in rural Indian hypertensive patients. The intervention was shown to be an effective and low-cost way to control blood pressure in these communities.
A new siRNA delivery system allows for in vivo self-assembled small RNA synthesis, enabling potent target gene silencing in various diseases. This strategy overcomes the limitations of conventional delivery methods, offering a promising approach to RNAi therapy.
The deployment of personal electronic deterrents is an effective way to prevent future deaths and injuries from shark bites. The technology has been shown to reduce the likelihood of a bite by about 60%, potentially saving hundreds of lives.
A new study published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease found that COVID-19 patients with dementia were more likely to experience delirium and confusion compared to those without dementia. While dementia itself was not a primary driver of mortality, other factors such as age and comorbidities played a significant role.
A new gene therapy approach has been successful in restoring both normal structure and function to the retina's cone photoreceptor cells in dogs with a severe form of Leber congenital amaurosis. The treatment, which delivered a normal copy of the NPHP5 gene, was tested in nine five-week-old dogs and showed promising results.
A national research team is calling for a more comprehensive understanding of freshwater cyanobacteria blooms by studying the organisms that live at the bottom of lakes. This could help predict how climate change affects bloom frequency, intensity, and duration.
Researchers found that infants as young as 11-12 months can distinguish between frequently used and less common multiword sequences, suggesting they learn individual words and complex phrases simultaneously. This study challenges traditional views on how children acquire language.
Researchers identify a new genetic disease causing delayed intellectual development and cataracts in children, with the COPB1 gene variant as the underlying cause. The study uses tadpoles to mimic human gene variants, demonstrating the link between the gene and disease.
Researchers investigated methane hydrate deposit in deep-sea fan of Danube in western Black Sea, finding dynamic situation related to Black Sea development since last ice age. The study suggests gas hydrates decompose due to salinity, pressure, and temperature changes, with implications for climate change
A new study reveals that female doctors who suffer domestic abuse often feel unable to get help due to perceptions of shame and a judgemental culture in medical settings. The findings highlight the need for a designated confidential service and cultural change to support doctor victim-survivors.
A new study found that participants with moderate to severe IBS who received an open-label placebo reported clinically meaningful improvements in symptoms, similar to those receiving a double-blind placebo. The study suggests the placebo effect can be harnessed without deception.
A new study from Massachusetts General Hospital reveals that nonconvulsive seizures in COVID-19 patients are associated with worse outcomes, including higher rates of death and longer hospital stays. Seizures can occur even in patients without prior neurological history, highlighting the need for close monitoring and treatment.
Researchers measured grizzly bears' metabolic rates on flat and uphill gradients, finding they use less energy walking downhill. The study reveals why grizzlies often appear on human hiking trails, and provides insights for hiker safety.
A new study found that coughing and deep breathing create more than 100-fold greater amounts of aerosols than oxygen therapies, increasing the risk to frontline staff. The research challenges current guidelines, suggesting that healthcare workers wear only surgical masks face a higher risk of infection.
A new study based on large surveys across eight Western democracies shows that feeling capable of handling the crisis is key to public compliance with pandemic health advice. The findings suggest that policymakers should provide clear guidance rather than relying on fear to motivate people.
Emerging technologies can screen for cervical cancer better than Pap smears, especially in places with limited access to healthcare. Advanced nanotechnology and computer learning are helping develop HPV screening that takes the guesswork out of precancer tests.
Researchers discovered that the widely available Topotecan (TPT) inhibits inflammatory genes in the lungs of mice as late as four days after infection, improving infection outcomes. The drug, an FDA-approved Topoisomerase I inhibitor, could be a valuable global strategy for treating severe COVID-19 cases.
Researchers used frontal polymerization to create functionally useful patterns inspired by developmental biology, achieving varying stiffness in materials. This method reduces energy consumption and eliminates the need for multiple-step manufacturing processes.
A new study found that drinking beetroot juice for ten days increased levels of beneficial oral bacteria linked to healthier blood vessels and brain function in older adults. The results also showed a significant drop in systolic blood pressure, suggesting potential benefits for cardiovascular health.
Researchers at Temple University Health System discovered that blocking GRK5's nuclear activity can prevent cardiac hypertrophy and reduce maladaptive effects in the heart. The findings offer exciting avenues for developing therapies to prevent heart failure.
Researchers found that nearly nothing is known about the biggest trees and how they die, making them difficult to study. Climate change, severe storms, and droughts are affecting these giant trees, releasing more carbon into the atmosphere.
A recent study published in Physical Review X reveals that the refractive index of dilute atomic gases can only reach a maximum value of 1.7 due to near-field interactions and multiple scattering effects.
A recent study by the University of Bath found that over half of Belgians are now satisfied with plant-based meat alternatives, up from 44% in 2019. Meanwhile, attitudes towards cultured meat remain stable, but also hold appeal for certain consumer groups.
Researchers developed a classification algorithm that uses orchard data to predict internal browning, surface cavities and fruit firmness in apples with high accuracy. The method shows promise for improving yield and reducing losses in the fruit industry.
A new malaria vaccine aims to stop mosquitoes from transmitting Plasmodium parasites to people by immunizing them against infection. The vaccine, developed by University of Florida researcher Rhoel Dinglasan, has shown promise in laboratory studies and is now set to be tested in humans.
The funding supports development of a new drug testing platform to predict treatment outcomes for patients with cancer. Researchers will leverage tissue bioengineering advances and genomic technologies to reconstruct and grow patient-derived tumor organoids in the presence of different drugs.
A global study led by the University of Gothenburg found that groundwater discharges are a major source of nitrogen and phosphorus to coastal waters worldwide, often exceeding river pollution at 60% of sites. This discovery highlights the importance of considering groundwater aquifers in managing coastal water quality.
A new tool called GRASP (Guidelines for Ruling out and Assessing Pain) has been developed to simplify diagnoses for children with complex chronic medical conditions. The tool helps healthcare providers evaluate pain among non-verbal children, reducing hospitalizations and improving treatment outcomes.
Researchers have developed a highly-efficient water decomposition reaction using BaTaO2N photocatalyst, achieving nearly 100 times the efficiency of conventional methods. The new method involves sequential cocatalyst decoration on the surface of BaTaO2N particles, resulting in high dispersion and improved hydrogen production.
A new study of over 8,500 American parents found that conservative parents prefer conformance-oriented programs, while liberal parents prefer independence-oriented programs. The research team suggests that understanding the motivations behind parents' preferences can enhance educational program appeal.
Researchers at Washington State University have discovered a protein that could block Campylobacter, a leading cause of food poisoning. The secreted protein, CiaD, facilitates cell entry and takes control of important cell processes. This breakthrough could lead to real-world solutions for preventing Campylobacter-related diseases.
Researchers developed a new tool to capture patients' opinions on home dialysis care, highlighting the importance of communication and care coordination. The Home Dialysis Care Experience instrument will be valuable for future research, clinical care, and quality improvement initiatives among home dialysis facilities.
A new AI-driven data system identifies potential problems early on and proposes corrective action, helping companies become more resilient to malfunctions and disruptions. The system analyzes vast volumes of digital data to forecast machine issues and predict maintenance needs, enhancing productivity and market success.
Researchers found that the Kuroshio Current's large meander is responsible for increased humidity and temperature in Tokyo, leading to 160% more discomfort days. The study uses satellite data to examine the impact of ocean currents on regional climate.
A clinical trial combining CRISPR technology with UCLA and UCSF expertise aims to directly correct the sickle mutation in blood stem cells, addressing the underlying cause of debilitating sickle cell disease. The goal is to out-compete native sickle cells by correcting 20% of genes.
Researchers have developed an AI-based software called 3DeeCellTracker, which can automatically track cells in 3D microscope videos. This versatile tool enables the analysis of cellular activities across biology, medical research, and drug development.
Researchers at KAUST have developed a novel method called thermal interdiffusion alloying (TIA) to create high-quality thin films of aluminum gallium oxide alloys. By controlling the annealing temperature and time, they achieved a record-high composition of up to 81% aluminum, resulting in a wide bandgap range.
A study published in eLife found that selenium supplementation protects against diet-induced obesity in mice, reducing levels of energy-regulating hormones IGF-1 and leptin. The researchers also observed increased healthspan in yeast grown under selenium-supplemented conditions.
Researchers at Penn State developed a new statistical tool, MAMBA, to enhance replicability of large genomic datasets. The method estimates the probability that an experiment can be replicated with different individuals, mitigating the reproducibility crisis.
Researchers have discovered a combination of monochromatic red and blue LED illumination that enhances the growth and biosynthesis of D. Salina microalgae, increasing lipid productivity and dry biomass yield by 35% and 10%, respectively.
The 'Compact Cell-Imaging Device' project aims to advance research into viral diseases by developing a miniaturized soft X-ray approach. This method allows for three-dimensional imaging of intact cells and can reveal changes induced by viral infections, making it an attractive tool for studying SARS-CoV-2.
A team of scientists has developed a new time-resolved method to analyze the structural changes in egg whites when heated. The study reveals how proteins unfold and cross-link to form a solid structure, with implications for food industry applications.
A machine learning study of rock art in Arnhem Land, Australia, has reconstructed the chronology of artistic styles using over 14 million images. The analysis revealed a link between style similarity and time, showing that styles closer in age were also more similar in appearance.
The WavE-Suite project aims to overcome challenges in survivability of wave energy converters using a novel numerical modelling suite. The project combines machine learning techniques for more accurate and efficient simulations, enabling engineers to design reliable and economically viable devices.
Researchers at Texas A&M University have developed an organic material that uses less energy to dry air, enhancing the efficiency of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. The polyimide-based dehumidifiers can bring down the cost of HVAC systems, which currently cost thousands of dollars.
Researchers discovered that cone snails produce small chemicals mimicking worm pheromones to trigger sexual activity in marine worms. In laboratory experiments, these compounds sparked mating behavior in female and male fire worms, making it easier to lure them out of hiding.
A recent study published in Hepatology has identified a molecular signature for ER stress in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, which is associated with poorer prognosis and higher incidence of complications. The discovery opens up new treatment options by targeting ER stress with drugs already in clinical testing.
Two reopened k-12 schools in the US demonstrated low in-school transmission rates with universal testing and mitigation measures, such as mask-wearing and ventilation. The study suggests that testing allows for early detection of potential outbreaks and can help prevent big school closures.
A Northern Arizona University researcher is working to increase participation of neurodivergent students in STEM fields. The project aims to provide interventions such as minimizing changes to routines and continuity, offering options for assignment completion and assessment, and providing different types of learning material.
Research at Joslin Diabetes Center found that exercise in pregnancy boosts SOD3, a protein linked to glucose metabolism, and improves metabolic health in offspring. Vitamin D also plays a critical role in this process.
Researchers at Washington University in St. Louis have observed a new form of fluorine, the isotope 13F, which has four fewer neutrons than the naturally occurring stable isotope 19F. This discovery was made using a charge-exchange reaction mechanism, allowing scientists to create a previously inaccessible isotope with exotic properties.
The Cohen Center will provide comprehensive, coordinated treatment for patients with Lyme and tick-borne diseases, offering affordable care with experienced physicians. The center will also integrate research and physician training into its clinical model, aiming to address the growing need for evidence-based treatments.
Researchers have discovered that plants influence how their bacterial and fungal neighbors react to climate change. The study found that simulated drought affected both bacteria and fungi in grassland and scrubland, while nitrogen addition had a lesser impact on bacteria, but more significant effects on the overall microbial diversity.
A team of researchers at TUM developed a new early warning system for self-driving cars using artificial intelligence to learn from thousands of real traffic situations. The system can predict potentially critical situations with over 85% accuracy, up to seven seconds in advance.
Scientists from Lancaster and Manchester Universities have received a £1.49 million grant to research the use of robots for nuclear decontamination. The ALACANDRA project aims to improve the interpretation of robot-derived information from complex, cluttered spaces contaminated with dispersed radioactivity.
Scientists report that prime editing successfully shuts down a gene involved in smooth muscle cell differentiation, correcting genetic problems and disease models. Prime editing is less complicated and more precise than traditional CRISPR, with fewer components and no collateral damage.
The new guidelines recommend yearly low-dose CT scans for Americans aged 50-80 with a 20 pack-year smoking history or those who quit less than 15 years ago. The expanded criteria aim to reduce lung cancer disparities in Black people and women.
Researchers found an indirect link between cardiorespiratory fitness and higher marks in mathematics and French 2. Better executive functions, specifically cognitive flexibility, were also associated with improved academic performance. The study emphasizes the importance of physical education classes in schools.
A comprehensive study published in Earth-Science Reviews journal found that remote monitoring techniques can accurately measure the effectiveness of nature-based solutions (NBS). This advancement offers hope for routine, continual, and accurate assessment of NBS, helping to quell skepticism around their use.
A five-day fast followed by a healthy diet reduces inflammation and promotes beneficial gut bacteria, improving cardiovascular health. Long-term effects include lower body mass index, reduced blood pressure, and decreased antihypertensive medication use.
Researchers found that fat grafting procedures can reduce pain and improve skin health in patients with radiation-induced skin injury, leading to better outcomes and improved quality of life. However, more research is needed to confirm the benefits and address potential risks.
A new study by psychologists at Emory University found that people can accurately discern most emotions tied to screams, but those of happiness are often misjudged as fear. Screams convey strong emotions, and researchers speculate that this may be an evolutionary carryover bias, where humans err on the side of caution.
A team of researchers re-examines the effectiveness of sunlight in deactivating the SARS-CoV-2 virus, finding that results contradict previous theories and suggest an alternative mechanism involving UV-A light. This discovery could lead to new management strategies using widely available UV-A radiation.
A new molecular pathway discovered in fruit flies helps steer moving cells towards specific destinations, which may drive cancer cells to metastasize. The pathway involves a series of proteins and enzymes that work together to control cell movement, offering potential targets for interrupting cancer cell spread.
A new map of oil palm extent in Southeast Asia provides critical information for policymakers and stakeholders, allowing for sustainable production and forest conservation. The map's high accuracy enables calculations of greenhouse gas emissions and removals, as well as verification of official statistics.
Researchers at MIT have created synthetic mucins with a polymer backbone that mimic the structure and function of naturally occurring mucins, effectively neutralizing the bacterial toxin that causes cholera. This breakthrough could lead to new treatments for infectious diseases and potentially less resistance to antibiotics.
Physician burnout affects patients, with stressed doctors being less compassionate and more likely to make mistakes. Streamlining record-keeping is key to addressing this issue, as per a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association.
A University of Kansas study demonstrates the effectiveness of critical race media literacy in discussing difficult topics, such as racism and sexism, with younger age groups. By using popular media like superhero movies, teachers can create a safe space for students to discuss complex issues.
Researchers have revealed conditions for robust entangled states transport in photonic topological insulators. They identify physical mechanisms and thresholds for maximizing entanglement while preserving topological protection.
Researchers developed a holographic endoscope made of single-hair thin optical fibers to reconstruct images of macroscopic objects at larger imaging distances. The tool sheds light on biological processes occurring at the macromolecular and subcellular levels, allowing for better treatment of severe brain diseases like Alzheimer's.