Researchers monitoring online activity for six weeks in mid-2025 identified more than 1,600 primatesOpens in a new tab advertised for sale across Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube. Like primates, birds, snakes, frogs, orchids, and many other wildlife groups are increasingly being trafficked through online platforms. Online illegal wildlife trade poses significant risks to species, ecosystems, and animal and public health.
A new study published in Nature Reviews Biodiversity by an international team of experts led by Professor Enrico Di Minin from the University of Helsinki highlights that thousands of animal, plant, and fungal species, many of which are threatened with extinction, are being illegally traded online as global consumer demand continues to grow.
"The online illegal wildlife trade spreads across many platforms, including popular social media platforms, and represents a growing and evolving threat to biodiversity conservation," says Professor Di Minin.
"What is particularly concerning is that many of the species found to be illegally traded online are either at high risk of extinction or had not previously been considered at risk from illegal wildlife trade," he continues.
Factors such as perceived low risk, weak regulatory governance, and the anonymity afforded by online platforms contribute to the thriving illegal trade.
"This review sheds light on the urgent need for concerted, multi-level strategies to combat the online illegal wildlife trade," says Dr. Annette Hübschle , a co-author from the University of Cape TownOpens in a new tab .
"These strategies should not only strengthen species protection but also enhance regulatory and technological capacity, engage local communities meaningfully, and promote a whole-of-society approach to conservation," she continues.
The study reveals that the impacts of online trade are magnified by the anonymity of online platforms, allowing for a speed and scale of operations that traditional trade routes cannot match.
"The negative impacts on animal welfare and biodiversity mirror those of traditional offline illegal wildlife trade, but the reach and speed of online platforms are magnifying these harms," says Dr. Neil D'Cruze , another co-author from Manchester Metropolitan University . "Online illegal wildlife trade operates through complex, dispersed networks that cross national borders, expanding and, in some cases, replacing traditional trafficking routes," he continues.
The review also identifies critical gaps in data concerning the full extent of the online wildlife trade, indicating that better understanding consumer behavior and mitigating demand requires urgent attention.
"Addressing online illegal wildlife trade is complex but not insurmountable. It requires cooperation across sectors and comprehensive policy frameworks that recognize the online dimensions of wildlife trafficking," Professor Di Minin concluded.
Original publication: Di Minin, E. etc. Online illegal wildlife trade. Nature Reviews BiodiversityOpens in a new tab
Nature Reviews Biodiversity
Animals
Global trends and impacts of the online illegal wildlife trade
24-Aug-2026
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