Babies are born with the ability to predict rhythm, according to a study published February 5 th in the open-access journal PLOS Biology by Roberta Bianco from the Italian Institute of Technology, and colleagues.
It’s anticipating a beat drop, key change or chorus in a song you’ve never heard. Across all cultures, humans can inherently anticipate rhythm and melody. But are babies born with these behaviors, or are they learned? Research shows that by approximately 35 weeks of gestation, fetuses begin to respond to music with changes in heart rate and body movements. However, newborns’ ability to anticipate rhythm and melody is not fully understood.
To understand babies’ musical aptitudes, researchers played J.S. Bach’s piano compositions for an audience of 49 sleeping newborns. Musical stylings included 10 original melodies and four shuffled songs with scrambled melodies and pitches. While the babies listened, the researchers used electroencephalography — electrodes placed on the babies’ heads — to measure their brainwaves. When the babies’ brain waves showed signs of surprise, it meant they expected the song to go one way, but it went another.
The newborns tended to show neural signs of surprise when the rhythm unexpectedly changed; in other words, the miniature maestros had generated musical expectations based on rhythm. Previously, this result had been observed in non-human primates. The researchers found no evidence that the newborns tracked melody or were surprised by unexpected melodic changes, a skill that comes at an unknown exact point later in development.
According to the authors, understanding how humans become aware of rhythm can help biologists understand how our auditory systems develop. Future studies can investigate how exposure to music during gestation affects acquisition of rhythm and melody.
The authors add, “Are newborns ready for Bach? Newborns come into the world already tuned in to rhythm. Our latest research shows that even our tiniest 2-day old listeners can anticipate rhythmic patterns, revealing that some key elements of musical perception are wired from birth. But there’s a twist: melodic expectations—our ability to predict the flow of a tune—don’t seem to be present yet. This suggests that melody isn’t innate but gradually learned through exposure. In other words, rhythm may be part of our biological toolkit, while melody is something we grow into.”
In your coverage, please use this URL to provide access to the freely available paper in PLOS Biology : https://plos.io/3Nk3IG7
Citation: Bianco R, Tóth B, Bigand F, Nguyen T, Sziller I, Háden GP, et al. (2026) Human newborns form musical predictions based on rhythmic but not melodic structure. PLoS Biol 24(2): e3003600. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003600
Author countries : Italy, Hungary, Germany
Funding: R.B. is funded by the European Union (MSCA, PHYLOMUSIC, 101064334, https://marie-sklodowska-curie-actions.ec.europa.eu/ ). G.N. and F.B. are funded by the European Research Council (ERC, MUSICOM, 948186, https://erc.europa.eu/homepage ). T.N. is funded by the European Union (MSCA, SYNCON, 101105726, https://marie-sklodowska-curie-actions.ec.europa.eu/ ). B.T., G.P.H., and I.W. are funded by the Hungarian National Research Development and Innovation Office (ANN131305, FK139135, and K147135, respectively, https://nkfih.gov.hu/english-nkfih ). The funders did not play any role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.