The responses to a national survey published today have revealed tunnel construction workers across Australia say they face significant exposure to silica dust, a hazardous dust that can cause incurable diseases like silicosis and lung cancer.
The University of Sydney-led research, published in the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, is based on a survey of 290 tunnelling industry workers and industry professionals between September 2024 and June 2025. It highlights a potential critical gap between awareness of silica risks and the effective implementation of safety controls.
“Workers understand the risks, but the survey results indicate that systems in place are not consistently protecting them. This is not a knowledge gap: it’s a failure of leadership, accountability, and enforcement, with workers ultimately paying the price with their heath,” said lead researcher and PhD candidate Kate Cole OAM from the Faculty of Medicine and Health , who has worked on large-scale infrastructure and construction projects, including tunnelling, for more than two decades.
Despite widespread recognition of the dangers, 62.5 percent of survey respondents reported barriers preventing effective dust control, with time pressures, lack of management commitment, and weak regulatory enforcement identified as key issues. Most were concerned about being exposed to silica dust and developing a silica-related disease.
Key findings from the tunnelling workers survey
Culture and pressure undermining safety
The survey found that workplace culture and project pressures tend to prioritise production over safety, according to surveyed workers who described environments where raising concerns could risk job security, and where dust control measures were sometimes deprioritised to meet tight deadlines.
“Some participants reported conditions so dusty they could not see more than a few metres ahead,” said Cole.
While most surveyed workers reported that air monitoring was conducted on their worksites, trust in these results was low. Many raised concerns that monitoring may sometimes be carried out under workplace conditions that are artificially altered to appear better than they typically would be, with these results not consistently shared.
“This points to a lack of transparency and accountability,” said Cole.
The survey acknowledges improvements in dust control technologies over the past decade, including better ventilation systems, enclosed cabins, and increased use of respiratory protective equipment. However, the researchers warn that it’s possible, based on the survey results, that measures may not be being applied consistently, or that they may too often be relied upon instead of controlling hazards at the source. The study calls for stronger regulatory enforcement and oversight of this high-risk industry, noting that while unions and regulators are key influencers, their effectiveness was viewed inconsistently by respondents.
“With Australia’s infrastructure pipeline continuing to expand, without systemic change, preventable disease will remain an ongoing risk for thousands of workers,” said Cole.
About the study:
The study surveyed 290 tunnelling industry stakeholders across Australia, including workers, contractors, occupational hygienists, and clients, to examine perceptions of silica dust exposure and silica-related disease risk in tunnel construction. Industry surveys may be conducted when reported data is limited or absent, providing insight into what may be happening within an industry or workplace.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
Survey
People
Perceptions of respirable crystalline silica exposure in the Australian tunnelling industry: A survey of stakeholders’ attitudes to occupational health protections
30-Apr-2026
This research was supported by the University of Sydney Postgraduate Award. Kate Cole is Director of Cole Health, a workplace health consultancy. She is a PhD candidate at The University of Sydney. Kate is also on the board of the NSW Dust Diseases and the Asbestos and Silica Safety and Eradication Agency and provides paid expert testimony for law firms. She is also a member of the Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists and the Australian Tunnelling Society. She does not receive any payment from these professional associations, nor does she provide funding to these organisations outside of the typical membership fees they require. Co-author and Kate Cole’s PhD supervisor, Professor Tim Driscoll, reports a relationship with the Asbestos and Dust Diseases Research Institute that includes travel reimbursement and provides paid expert testimony for law firms. Professor Driscoll is on an unpaid advisory committee to the Asbestos and Silica Safety and Eradication Agency. Other authors declare no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.