Muscle strain injuries are a common problem in sports, and injuries to the triceps surae, the calf muscle group that includes the gastrocnemius and soleus, can significantly affect athletic performance and return to play. One factor that is thought to influence a muscle’s susceptibility to strain is passive muscle stiffness, which refers to the resistance of a relaxed muscle to being stretched. A recent genetic study has strengthened the idea that stiffer muscles are more prone to injury, suggesting that passive muscle stiffness is an important risk factor. Thus, finding safe and feasible ways to reduce this stiffness might help prevent associated injuries.
Several strategies, including stretching, heat, and vibration, can significantly reduce passive muscle stiffness. However, research on these approaches has focused on muscles located close to the skin. The soleus, one of the main muscles of the triceps surae, sits deep underneath the medial and lateral gastrocnemius, which makes it a difficult target. Ultrasound stimulation is used in sports and rehabilitation and produces both heating and mechanical effects in biological tissue. As lower-frequency ultrasound can penetrate relatively deep into tissue, it raises the question: Could ultrasound actually reduce the stiffness of a deep muscle like the soleus?
To this end, a research team including Ph.D. student Tomohiro Umeda, Professor Tatsuya Hojo, and Professor Taku Wakahara from the Graduate School of Health and Sports Science at Doshisha University, Japan, examined the effects of ultrasound stimulation on calf muscle stiffness in 20 healthy adults. Their work was made available online on August 6, 2026, and published in Volume 206 of the Journal of Biomechanics on September 1, 2026.
A randomly selected leg of each participant received 10 minutes of continuous ultrasound stimulation at a frequency of 1 megahertz (MHz) and an intensity of 2.0 W/cm², while the other leg served as an untreated control. The researchers then used shear wave elastography, an imaging technique that measures how quickly mechanical waves travel through tissue, to assess muscle stiffness before and immediately after the ultrasound stimulation. Faster shear waves generally indicate stiffer tissue, so a decrease in shear wave velocity (SWV) was interpreted as a decrease in passive muscle stiffness.
The results showed a clear difference between the soleus and the medial gastrocnemius. SWV, an indicator of passive muscle stiffness, decreased significantly in the soleus after the ultrasound stimulation, while no significant change was observed in the untreated leg. In contrast, no significant change in SWV was observed in the more superficial medial gastrocnemius. Interestingly, participants who initially had stiffer soleus muscles tended to show greater reductions in stiffness following ultrasound stimulation. “ Our findings suggest that ultrasound stimulation may have the potential to non-invasively decrease passive stiffness in deep muscles such as the soleus ,” remarks Mr. Umeda, “ In the future, this approach may contribute to the development of conditioning and rehabilitation strategies for the prevention of sports-related muscle injuries .”
The different responses of the soleus and medial gastrocnemius may be related partly to their anatomical locations. The soleus is located about 2.44 cm below the skin, whereas the gastrocnemius is much closer to the surface at just about 0.53 cm. Moreover, differences in the muscles’ tissue composition may also contribute to their different responses, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. “ Future research could clarify the optimal ultrasound parameters for different muscles and identify which individuals respond most effectively to ultrasound stimulation . Such knowledge could lead to more individualized conditioning and rehabilitation strategies for athletes ,” concludes Mr. Umeda.
Overall, the results highlight the potential of ultrasound stimulation as a non-invasive approach for managing stiffness in deep muscles that can be difficult to target with other methods. Further research will be needed to determine whether this approach can be incorporated into individualized conditioning and rehabilitation strategies and ultimately contribute to the prevention of sports-related muscle injuries.
About Ph.D. student Tomohiro Umeda from Doshisha University, Japan
Mr. Tomohiro Umeda holds a Master of Health and Sports Science degree from Doshisha University Graduate School, Japan. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. at the Graduate School of Health and Sports Science at Doshisha University, where his academic work focuses on sports science, biomechanics, muscle physiology, and human performance. His research and laboratory experience include the use of ultrasound-based measurement techniques to assess muscle properties, supporting his work on muscle stiffness and sports injury prevention.
Funding information
This work was supported by JST SPRING, grant number JPMJSP2129.
Media contact:
Organization for Research Innovation
Doshisha University
Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, JAPAN
E-mail： jt-ura@mail.doshisha.ac.jp
Journal of Biomechanics
10.1016/j.jbiomech.2026.113502
Experimental study
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The effects of ultrasound stimulation on passive muscle stiffness of triceps surae
1-Sep-2026
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.